WEBVTT 00:00.720 --> 00:02.400 Soren Kierkegaard said, 00:03.120 --> 00:04.700 There are two ways of being fooled. 00:05.400 --> 00:07.420 One, to believe what is not true. 00:08.060 --> 00:11.040 Two, to refuse to believe what is true. 00:12.120 --> 00:15.680 All the arguments put forward here boil down to one issue. 00:16.360 --> 00:19.440 Does the Earth move against a background of stationary stars? 00:19.900 --> 00:22.560 Or is the Earth still, and the stars moving? 00:23.340 --> 00:26.900 In the 17th and 18th centuries, scholars and scientists 00:26.900 --> 00:29.960 were beginning to accept the heliocentric model as factual, 00:29.960 --> 00:32.820 and astronomers were anxious to find an experiment 00:32.820 --> 00:36.060 that provided concrete evidence the Earth was moving. 00:36.720 --> 00:39.860 One solution appeared in the early 17th century 00:39.860 --> 00:42.860 by James Bradley, the British astronomer royal. 00:43.700 --> 00:47.160 His theory was that if the Earth was moving in orbit around the Sun, 00:47.560 --> 00:50.780 then the stars being still could be seen as a point of reference. 00:51.440 --> 00:55.200 If a particular star was chosen, for example Gamma Draconis, 00:55.700 --> 00:57.600 this star could serve as the anchor point. 00:57.600 --> 01:00.880 The Earth takes one year to make an orbit of the Sun, 01:01.280 --> 01:03.640 so if he plotted the apparent position of the star 01:03.640 --> 01:06.060 in relation to the Earth's movement in orbit, 01:06.660 --> 01:10.800 logically then the plotted points would form a small circle or ellipsoid, 01:11.500 --> 01:13.980 a sort of reflection of the Earth's orbital movement. 01:14.800 --> 01:18.400 Bradley set up a telescope pointing up vertically to see the star, 01:18.720 --> 01:21.860 and expected over time as the Earth moved in orbit 01:21.860 --> 01:25.200 the line of sight of the star would fall out of vision, 01:25.200 --> 01:31.020 so the telescope had to be tilted to keep the stationary stars in sight as the Earth moved. 01:31.760 --> 01:35.720 Logically he believed the telescope would have to be tilted several times. 01:36.640 --> 01:38.740 Bradley's experiment was hailed as a success 01:38.740 --> 01:43.480 and claimed to be one of the major appendixes of heliocentricity to this day. 01:44.320 --> 01:46.660 But European astronomers were later thinking 01:46.900 --> 01:49.840 that Bradley's evidence was tenuous and threadbare, 01:50.160 --> 01:53.340 and that there must be a better way to determine once and for all 01:53.340 --> 01:55.640 that the Earth moves in orbit around the Sun. 01:56.580 --> 01:58.700 Astronomers and scientists in Europe, however, 01:59.120 --> 02:01.000 were not happy with Bradley's experiment, 02:01.500 --> 02:05.320 believing the evidence to prove the Earth was moving tenuous and sketchy. 02:05.940 --> 02:09.800 Roger Josef Boskovich, a Serbian theoretical astronomer, 02:10.080 --> 02:14.120 tried to reproduce Bradley's experiment but using a water-filled telescope. 02:14.840 --> 02:17.980 This, he believed, would bend the starlight by refraction 02:17.980 --> 02:22.820 and slow down the light so the telescope would not need to be tilted as the Earth moved. 02:22.820 --> 02:27.680 In 1866, George Bedell Airy, Astronomer Royal, 02:28.200 --> 02:31.880 repeated Boskovich's experiment using a water-filled telescope. 02:32.580 --> 02:35.860 Airy followed an accepted scientific methodology to the letter 02:35.860 --> 02:38.480 and the records are still available to this day. 02:39.340 --> 02:42.540 Scientists and astronomers eagerly awaited Airy's results 02:42.540 --> 02:46.740 and were expecting the experimental concrete evidence that Earth moves. 02:47.400 --> 02:50.020 But Airy's result was not what was expected 02:50.020 --> 02:53.220 and the experiment was dubbed Airy's failure 02:53.220 --> 02:57.760 because he could not show progressive tilt of the telescope as the Earth moved. 02:58.360 --> 03:02.040 Airy followed up on Bradley's work to prove the Earth was moving. 03:02.700 --> 03:05.720 But heliocentrists today say that Airy failed 03:05.720 --> 03:07.860 because he failed to find the ether, 03:08.320 --> 03:11.140 a mysterious substance that permeated the whole universe. 03:11.940 --> 03:15.260 This is an example of how when scientists are cornered 03:15.260 --> 03:17.160 by genuine scientific evidence, 03:17.160 --> 03:21.960 they change the goalposts in order to make a failure into a resounding success. 03:22.800 --> 03:26.520 But Airy's experiment showed clearly the Earth does not move, 03:26.820 --> 03:30.340 supporting the geocentric paradigm where the Earth does not move 03:30.340 --> 03:32.800 quite contrary to the heliocentric model. 03:33.540 --> 03:35.920 To astronomer scientists it was a failure 03:35.920 --> 03:41.300 but to those pursuing scientific truth the experiment was a resounding success. 03:42.080 --> 03:44.700 Why was it seen as a failure and a disappointment? 03:44.700 --> 03:48.100 Because it failed to meet the paradigm expectations 03:48.670 --> 03:51.420 showing that the experiment was paradigm driven 03:51.420 --> 03:55.260 looking for evidence of what astronomers already believed 03:55.260 --> 03:57.280 to support the heliocentric model. 03:57.840 --> 04:02.680 Is Airy an accomplished astronomer listed in those hallowed halls of astronomy? 04:03.300 --> 04:05.720 Try to find the name George Bedell Airy 04:05.720 --> 04:08.760 in a modern student textbook, university curriculum 04:08.760 --> 04:11.140 or glossy encyclopedia of astronomy. 04:11.140 --> 04:15.240 There may be a brief mention, but other than that, virtually nothing. 04:16.080 --> 04:20.060 It appears George Bedell Airy has been airbrushed out of history. 04:20.900 --> 04:23.960 He did without any doubt make many worthy contributions 04:23.960 --> 04:28.780 to other areas of astronomy and retired as astronomer royal in 1881. 04:29.580 --> 04:33.780 As seen in the following photos, the plumes from erupting volcanoes 04:33.780 --> 04:37.720 can be blown by prevailing winds thousands of feet above. 04:37.720 --> 04:40.980 But where there are no prevailing winds above 04:40.980 --> 04:45.440 sometimes the plumes go straight up as seen in the following photos. 04:46.380 --> 04:49.820 Now using scientific observation and common sense 04:49.820 --> 04:53.780 how could this be the case if the earth is rotating on its axis 04:53.780 --> 04:56.180 at 19 miles per second on the equator 04:56.480 --> 05:01.540 while at the same time as whizzing around the sun at almost 67,000 miles an hour? 05:02.260 --> 05:05.600 When heliocentric believers are confronted with simple facts 05:05.600 --> 05:09.320 based on simple observations, science does not matter. 05:10.040 --> 05:13.700 It is the deeply ingrained belief in the psyche that carries the day. 05:14.600 --> 05:18.300 Just as it was hard to convince medieval doctors that bleeding a patient 05:18.300 --> 05:22.000 was of no use at all because of indoctrination of the masses 05:22.000 --> 05:25.260 this practice was almost impossible to dislodge. 05:26.500 --> 05:29.320 Heliocentrists will find an answer to anything that conflicts 05:29.320 --> 05:32.440 to make it fit with their belief and call it science 05:32.440 --> 05:36.440 to justify the trillions of dollars spent on space exploration. 05:37.320 --> 05:40.720 As mentioned, astronomers, according to the heliocentric paradigm 05:41.000 --> 05:45.220 believe the earth has a double motion rotating around its own axis 05:45.220 --> 05:48.080 at about 1,024 miles per hour at the equator 05:48.080 --> 05:52.720 and traveling around the sun at approximately 67,000 miles per hour. 05:53.480 --> 05:57.400 Back in 1887, two physicists, Mickelson and Morley 05:57.400 --> 06:00.780 conducted an experiment to find the velocity of the earth 06:00.780 --> 06:03.880 in orbit around the sun, and personally for Mickelson 06:03.880 --> 06:07.300 to show his lifetime belief the ether existed. 06:08.100 --> 06:12.660 For centuries, scientists have believed that the whole of space was filled with what was 06:12.660 --> 06:17.140 termed the luminiferous ether, but until this time in the 1880s 06:17.140 --> 06:20.640 the ether was assumed to exist. Mickelson was hoping 06:20.640 --> 06:24.620 to find scientific experiments to produce evidence that the ether 06:24.620 --> 06:28.480 really did exist. The ether was believed to be undetectable 06:28.480 --> 06:32.340 tasteless, invisible, an almost mystical substance that 06:32.340 --> 06:36.200 permeated the whole universe including space. So when objects 06:36.200 --> 06:40.640 such as the earth moved through the ether, it may be possible to detect the relative 06:40.640 --> 06:44.460 motion of objects such as the earth by its effect on the light waves. 06:45.260 --> 06:48.220 All energy, whether light, sound, or electricity 06:48.220 --> 06:52.560 can be represented as a wave-like motion that requires some medium 06:52.560 --> 06:56.500 through which they can travel, just as water is needed to allow waves 06:56.500 --> 07:00.480 to travel across the surface of the sea. The notion of the ether 07:00.480 --> 07:04.380 was believed to have been proposed by Plato and conceived by his 07:04.380 --> 07:08.520 student Aristotle. In the 17th century, Rene Descartes 07:08.520 --> 07:12.500 made reference to the ether, and the idea was embraced and assumed to exist 07:12.500 --> 07:16.180 by all scientists including Isaac Newton to be filling space. 07:17.040 --> 07:20.380 So logically light from the sun and stars must have some 07:20.380 --> 07:23.960 medium to travel through the ether. Albert Mickelson 07:23.960 --> 07:28.120 invited his friend Edward Morley, and together they embarked on a series 07:28.120 --> 07:31.600 of experiments that produced curious and disturbing results. 07:32.540 --> 07:35.880 Mickelson's hope from being a high school graduate was to detect 07:35.880 --> 07:38.740 the ether, and he was well qualified for this research. 07:39.420 --> 07:43.240 Four years at Annopolis, eight years at the Case Institute, Ohio, 07:43.740 --> 07:46.160 and three years at Clark University, Massachusetts. 07:47.180 --> 07:51.720 Mickelson was talented in many ways and designed and made his own device called 07:51.720 --> 07:55.760 an interferometer for measuring the speed of light. The real 07:55.760 --> 07:59.840 purpose, however, of their experiment was to find the velocity of the earth 07:59.840 --> 08:03.760 in orbit around the sun, and the assumed ether became part of that 08:03.760 --> 08:07.740 experiment. It all started in Cleveland, Ohio at the 08:07.740 --> 08:11.880 Case School of Applied Science in the 1880s. This is the idea 08:11.880 --> 08:15.600 which is quite simple. Mickelson thought that for six months 08:15.600 --> 08:19.900 of the year the earth was traveling toward the sun, and in the other six months 08:19.900 --> 08:23.540 he was moving away from it. He persuaded Alexander Graham Bell 08:23.540 --> 08:27.700 to give him the funds to set up an experiment with which he built an apparatus 08:27.700 --> 08:31.820 he called an interferometer, which could measure the speed of light very 08:31.820 --> 08:35.740 accurately. His original interferometer made in Germany 08:35.740 --> 08:39.760 was inadequate, so later he acquired a bigger, more accurate 08:39.760 --> 08:43.640 interferometer consisting of a huge rectangular block of sandstone 08:43.640 --> 08:47.860 as a table, floating on a bed of mercury, where the sandstone table 08:47.860 --> 08:51.600 could be turned easily in any direction, so the speed of light 08:51.600 --> 08:55.840 could be measured from all directions, and at the same time be free from 08:55.840 --> 08:59.400 any vibrations or disturbances. The Newtonian idea 08:59.400 --> 09:03.740 was that the speed of light was pushed through the ether, in which case it should vary 09:03.740 --> 09:07.900 to the observer depending on whether the observer was moving toward or away 09:07.900 --> 09:11.480 from the source of light, and the ether may not be evenly spread 09:11.480 --> 09:15.580 and light may not travel at a constant speed, in which case 09:15.580 --> 09:19.440 it should vary to the observer depending on whether the observer was moving 09:19.440 --> 09:23.560 toward or away from the source of light, and the ether may not be evenly 09:23.560 --> 09:26.680 spread and light may not travel at a constant speed. 09:27.520 --> 09:31.520 To explain it simply, Mickelson created an apparatus to send and 09:31.520 --> 09:35.400 receive a narrow beam of light to a half-silvered mirror which would 09:35.400 --> 09:38.840 allow some light through and reflect some light at the same time. 09:39.460 --> 09:43.580 They called it a beam splitter. Then the two beams were split and 09:43.580 --> 09:47.840 recombined together again. The hypothesis was that they expected to see 09:47.840 --> 09:51.520 through the lens a light spot in the middle surrounded by a dark 09:51.520 --> 09:55.640 fringe showing partial interference. It is important to note 09:55.640 --> 09:59.520 that the arms of the cross in Figure 2 were exactly the same 09:59.520 --> 10:03.520 distance and length. Both light beams would recombine at sea 10:03.520 --> 10:07.540 but according to the ether theory there should be a delay where one 10:07.540 --> 10:11.800 beam may take longer than the other to traverse the distance resulting in interference. 10:11.800 --> 10:15.780 To understand how this works it's necessary to briefly look 10:15.780 --> 10:19.580 at interference phenomenon for those who are unfamiliar with the concept. 10:20.380 --> 10:23.680 This is not as difficult as it appears. Light travels 10:23.680 --> 10:27.780 in a wave-like motion. When troughs and crests line up in phase 10:27.780 --> 10:31.580 it is called constructive interference and the beam is bright 10:31.580 --> 10:35.740 as at A in Figure 3. Two waves in harmony. 10:36.480 --> 10:40.040 When the waves are completely out of phase the viewer sees no light 10:40.040 --> 10:44.320 only a black spot as the waves cancel each other out as in B. 10:45.420 --> 10:47.960 When the waves are slightly out of phase a light 10:47.960 --> 10:52.020 spot is seen in the middle surrounded by a fringe of dark as in C. 10:53.080 --> 10:55.420 Michelson expected to see a black fringe 10:55.420 --> 11:00.200 showing the two beams were out of phase but it was unexpectedly not the case. 11:00.820 --> 11:04.000 This is made clearer in Figure 3 in terms of direction 11:04.000 --> 11:08.360 and flow of ether and light. What was expected to be seen at C 11:08.360 --> 11:12.460 one of three outcomes. One, a bright circular 11:12.460 --> 11:16.140 light where the returning light is in phase with the scent light beam 11:16.140 --> 11:19.740 constructive interference bright. Two, 11:20.200 --> 11:23.260 totally black. Complete destructive interference. 11:23.740 --> 11:27.380 Troughs cancel out the peaks dark. Three, 11:27.940 --> 11:31.840 or fringe around a bright light would show partial interference. 11:32.400 --> 11:35.500 Michelson expected to see a fringe around a bright light 11:35.500 --> 11:39.860 partial interference as seen at C because he expected the 11:39.860 --> 11:43.760 returning light to be slower. The result however of the experiment 11:43.760 --> 11:47.280 was no fringes at all. And since his hypothesis 11:47.280 --> 11:51.580 failed he called this a null result because there was no out of 11:51.580 --> 11:55.580 phase light showing returning light beams were slower. So if 11:55.580 --> 11:59.720 one of the beams of light had encountered an ether wind there would be an expected 11:59.720 --> 12:02.940 delay. This is what Michelson Morley expected 12:02.940 --> 12:06.400 that the ether wind would show one beam out of phase with the other. 12:06.980 --> 12:11.160 But surprise the beams were synchronized arriving at the same 12:11.160 --> 12:14.440 time. What does this mean? There is no ether? 12:15.260 --> 12:18.380 This was such a shock to Michelson and Morley and to Science. 12:19.400 --> 12:22.860 The question was how could light from the sun be transmitted through 12:22.860 --> 12:26.480 space? Surely there must be an ether. Michelson 12:26.480 --> 12:31.080 profoundly believed in the ether and was disappointed blaming the instrumentation 12:31.080 --> 12:34.380 that he had designed and considered his experiment as a failure. 12:35.120 --> 12:39.280 Why a failure? To think that all these years he had believed in the existence 12:39.280 --> 12:42.880 of an ether. The experiment appeared to prove the ether 12:42.880 --> 12:47.220 did not exist. Most scholars except today that Michelson and Morley 12:47.220 --> 12:51.000 were dedicated and sincere researchers and no other experiment 12:51.000 --> 12:54.620 has ever been executed with such meticulous care and attention 12:54.620 --> 12:59.180 and repeated time and time again by other scientists also yielding the same 12:59.180 --> 13:03.060 result. The result of the experiment was a null result 13:03.060 --> 13:06.460 based on the hypothesis that the earth was moving through the ether. 13:07.200 --> 13:10.860 But it could also be interpreted that the earth was not moving at all 13:10.860 --> 13:14.520 and perfectly still. Since contrary to expectation 13:14.520 --> 13:18.620 both light waves arrived at the same time and there was no delay 13:18.620 --> 13:23.140 and no interference fringes seen. But only three conclusions were 13:23.140 --> 13:26.400 considered. One, the ether does not exist 13:26.400 --> 13:29.440 which means sunlight can travel through the vacuum of space. 13:30.300 --> 13:33.260 Two, the speed of light is constant in all directions. 13:34.260 --> 13:38.460 Or three, no effect could be detected either in summer or winter. 13:39.160 --> 13:42.420 Critics argue, hey, come on. Where 13:42.420 --> 13:46.500 was the fourth conclusion? The experiment assumed the earth 13:46.500 --> 13:50.380 was moving but it could also show that the earth is not moving 13:50.380 --> 13:54.300 at all. This is the obvious fourth conclusion. The 13:54.300 --> 13:58.240 earth is still. In which case it was the stars that were moving 13:58.240 --> 14:02.300 and not the earth. Nevertheless, Mickelson and Morley 14:02.300 --> 14:05.280 were hailed as heroes put on a pedestal and praised. 14:06.040 --> 14:09.520 The publicity for the time especially in science circles was huge. 14:10.220 --> 14:13.800 Mickelson and Morley paved the way to probably the greatest scientific 14:13.800 --> 14:17.020 revolution of the time, the theory of relativity. 14:17.800 --> 14:21.520 But some scientists, however, were not happy with these conclusions. 14:22.100 --> 14:25.500 Far-sighted scientists of the day realized there 14:25.500 --> 14:29.440 was a fourth conclusion that was unreported and sooner or later 14:29.440 --> 14:33.480 this error would be seen. So mathematicians came in to 14:33.480 --> 14:37.340 offer some refinements. They believed there was a chance the experiment 14:37.340 --> 14:40.080 could be saved, if it needed to be saved, that is. 14:41.060 --> 14:45.560 In 1892 the Irish physicist George Francis Fitzgerald 14:45.560 --> 14:49.520 theorized that one of the arms on the interferometer had shrunk 14:49.520 --> 14:53.220 in the direction of motion, even though the arms were of equal length. 14:54.140 --> 14:57.320 The theory was supported by the Dutch physicist Hendrik Lawrence 14:57.320 --> 15:01.420 who produced a set of equations that between them came to be known 15:01.420 --> 15:04.600 as the Lawrence Fitzgerald contraction equations. 15:05.400 --> 15:09.280 Their mathematical formula claimed to prove that parts of the apparatus 15:09.280 --> 15:12.880 Mickelson and Morley used had actually changed size 15:13.350 --> 15:17.280 physically, literally. A claim which can never be falsified. 15:17.860 --> 15:21.480 The question arises, if the experiment was such a success 15:21.480 --> 15:25.280 why would mathematicians be required? They moved 15:25.280 --> 15:29.180 the goalpost and tried to change the rules so they could win the game. 15:30.100 --> 15:33.720 The Lawrence Fitzgerald contraction formula, as they came to be known, 15:34.220 --> 15:37.520 are seen as mathematical proofs of theoretical ideas 15:37.520 --> 15:41.520 assuming the reality of heliocentric theory which can never be 15:41.520 --> 15:45.860 falsified. And why would the formula be necessary if the Mickelson-Morley 15:45.860 --> 15:49.840 experiment was such a success? Thousands of highly qualified 15:49.840 --> 15:53.900 scientists accept the formula as proof of heliocentricity to this 15:53.900 --> 15:56.820 day, proved by mathematical modeling and prediction. 15:57.660 --> 16:01.340 But can mathematical modeling really prove a theoretical idea? 16:02.360 --> 16:05.200 Some of the applications include the physical sciences 16:05.840 --> 16:09.700 medical, such as the absorption of medication, civil engineering 16:09.700 --> 16:13.900 including bridge building, and social sciences such as patterns 16:13.900 --> 16:17.740 of election voting. Mathematical modeling is used extensively 16:17.740 --> 16:21.540 in biology and ecology to examine population for fluctuations 16:21.540 --> 16:25.800 water catchments, erosion, and the spread of pollutants, fluid 16:25.800 --> 16:29.980 mechanics, modeling of evolving tsunamis across the ocean, and bridge 16:29.980 --> 16:33.940 design, and other applications. Mathematical modeling 16:33.940 --> 16:37.400 is indispensable to scientists, but it does have its limitations. 16:38.240 --> 16:41.220 Mathematical models do not always represent reality. 16:41.220 --> 16:45.240 It is always based on assumptions, and with Mickelson 16:45.240 --> 16:49.100 and Morley, the assumptions must be made clear. It is only 16:49.100 --> 16:53.260 meaningful and useful if the assumptions are based on reality and can be 16:53.260 --> 16:57.320 falsified. The gyroscope always follows a simple 16:57.320 --> 17:01.260 rule. The directions of movement of the gyro, as shown in 17:01.260 --> 17:05.120 Figure 6, is always at right angles to the spin of the flywheel. 17:05.920 --> 17:09.100 For this experiment, the gyro will need to be placed in a 17:09.100 --> 17:12.360 gimbal, which often comes with the package when the gyro is purchased. 17:13.420 --> 17:16.940 If a table is placed firmly on the ground, and the earth is rotating 17:16.940 --> 17:21.120 on its axis, the table and gyro must be moving and rotating also, 17:21.700 --> 17:24.920 and logically, the gyro will change direction according 17:24.920 --> 17:29.060 to the rule above. There are simple experiments the reader may want 17:29.060 --> 17:33.100 to try, with a high precision commercial gyro with a gimbal, which can be 17:33.100 --> 17:37.440 purchased quite easily. Experiment 1, place the gyro 17:37.440 --> 17:41.480 on a mat, on a flat table, as shown in Figure 7. Set 17:41.480 --> 17:45.140 the gyro spinning, and slowly pull the mat along for 60 cm. 17:45.940 --> 17:49.380 Observe, does the gyro obey the rule on a flat surface 17:49.380 --> 17:53.200 when it's moved? So what if the gyro now moves down a curve? 17:54.080 --> 17:57.440 Experiment 2, use the same table and add a 17:57.440 --> 18:01.600 slope to the end of the table, as shown. Gently move the gyro 18:01.600 --> 18:05.380 along with the table, and gently down the slope. Does the 18:05.380 --> 18:09.260 gyro obey the rule? If the earth is turning on its own axis, 18:09.840 --> 18:13.480 it should obey this rule. But does it? The expected 18:13.480 --> 18:17.380 result, assuming the earth was turning on its axis, the flywheel 18:17.380 --> 18:21.460 would tilt. Does it tilt? But the table is on the earth 18:21.460 --> 18:23.840 turning with the earth, according to astronomers. 18:24.940 --> 18:29.500 In the 19th century, scientists were eager to show the public that the earth 18:29.500 --> 18:32.560 moved on both its axis and in its orbit around the sun. 18:32.560 --> 18:36.240 This was the time when Isaac Newton, Henry Cavendish, 18:36.480 --> 18:40.360 and other scientists received recognition in support of heliocentricity. 18:41.140 --> 18:44.780 In 1851, French scientist Leon Foucault 18:44.780 --> 18:48.740 performed an experiment using a huge pendulum that he believed 18:48.740 --> 18:52.760 proved conclusively that the earth was moving. This experiment 18:52.760 --> 18:56.500 was performed in a place that was high enough to support a pendulum bob of 18:56.500 --> 18:59.500 28 kg, the length of the wire being 18:59.500 --> 19:03.680 67 meters. This was accommodated inside the dome 19:03.680 --> 19:07.180 of the Pantheon Paris, and later models were placed in other similar 19:07.180 --> 19:11.560 tall buildings. As the pendulum moved relatively slowly, it described 19:11.560 --> 19:15.360 a circle in a scattering of sand below. This experiment 19:15.360 --> 19:19.220 was declared as absolute proof that the earth was moving, and is 19:19.220 --> 19:23.320 accepted by scientists all over the world as being proof that the earth moves. 19:24.160 --> 19:27.180 The pendulum made one rotation in 31 hours 19:27.180 --> 19:31.340 50 minutes, rotating clockwise. This is 11.3 19:31.340 --> 19:35.400 degrees per hour. The pendulum wire is connected to a ball 19:35.400 --> 19:39.340 joint which hangs from the dome of the building. The claim was made 19:39.340 --> 19:43.400 that in the northern hemisphere it would rotate clockwise, and in the southern 19:43.400 --> 19:47.320 hemisphere rotate counterclockwise. The mathematical 19:47.320 --> 19:50.840 modeling is very impressive, along with modern simulations, 19:51.440 --> 19:55.060 enough to convince the believer, or any interested 19th century 19:55.060 --> 19:59.220 onlooker, that the earth indeed does move. The very 19:59.220 --> 20:03.040 sight of the use of mathematical formulas is enough to convince most 20:03.040 --> 20:06.380 people that it must be a scientific fact, and can be proven. 20:07.220 --> 20:11.080 This belief is rarely challenged, and told in textbooks to young children 20:11.080 --> 20:15.120 in schools, and in universities is taught as fact. But critics 20:15.120 --> 20:19.040 claim that when Foucault's pendulum is examined carefully, it does not 20:19.040 --> 20:23.060 prove anything at all, only in the mind of the believers of heliocentricity. 20:24.120 --> 20:27.000 Lady Blunt in the Romance of Science says 20:27.000 --> 20:31.340 we believe with all due deference to the pendulum and its proprietors 20:31.340 --> 20:34.420 that it proves nothing but the craftiness of the inventor, 20:34.840 --> 20:38.060 and we can only describe the show and showmen as deceptions. 20:38.860 --> 20:42.980 A thing so childish as this pendulum proof that it can only be described 20:42.980 --> 20:47.180 as one of the most simple and ridiculous attempts to gull the public that has 20:47.180 --> 20:51.060 ever been conceived. It has been said that the pendulum experiment 20:51.060 --> 20:54.520 proves the rotation of the earth, but this is quite impossible. 20:55.020 --> 20:59.060 For one pendulum turns one way, and sometimes another pendulum turns in 20:59.060 --> 21:02.800 the opposite direction. Now we ask, does the earth rotate in 21:02.800 --> 21:07.020 opposite directions of different places at one in the same time? We should like 21:07.020 --> 21:11.120 to know. Perhaps the experimenters would kindly enlighten us on this point. 21:11.820 --> 21:15.020 If the earth were undergoing the terrible motions attributed to it, 21:15.280 --> 21:18.960 there would be some sensible effect of such motion. But we neither 21:18.960 --> 21:22.900 feel the motion, see it, nor hear it. And how people can stand 21:22.900 --> 21:26.820 watching the pendulum vibrate and think that they are seeing proof of the motion 21:26.820 --> 21:30.700 of the earth almost passes comprehension. They are, however, 21:31.120 --> 21:34.820 brought up to believe it, and it is thought to be scientific to believe 21:34.820 --> 21:38.480 what the astronomers teach. The oscillations are not uniform, 21:38.940 --> 21:42.920 but unpredictable, as all pendulums are. They can be in the same plane 21:42.920 --> 21:46.740 backwards and forwards, or describe an elliptical or circular 21:46.740 --> 21:50.340 movement. And the pendulum needs to be pushed to start it off. 21:50.940 --> 21:54.180 If the earth is moving, however, it shouldn't need a push at all, 21:54.180 --> 21:58.520 since the movement of the earth is enough to move the pendulum. If this was 21:58.520 --> 22:02.660 truly the case, then all pendulums on earth would be moving due to the 22:02.660 --> 22:06.920 inertia of the earth's movement. In 1879, Haick, 22:07.140 --> 22:10.540 while studying for his doctorate, discovered that any geometrical 22:10.540 --> 22:14.520 imperfection of the system, or elasticity in the wire, may interfere 22:14.520 --> 22:18.420 with the two horizontal modes of oscillation from linear to elliptical 22:18.420 --> 22:22.400 movement within one hour of the pendulum being pushed. Also, 22:22.820 --> 22:26.340 if Foucault's pendulum was started, it should continue as long as the 22:26.340 --> 22:30.280 earth continues to spin on its axis or move in its orbit. It does, 22:30.420 --> 22:34.420 however, eventually come to a stop. But the earth never stops moving 22:34.420 --> 22:38.040 according to heliocentricity. The stopping, says Foucault, 22:38.400 --> 22:42.420 is explained as dampening by the air resistance. So Foucault 22:42.420 --> 22:46.520 used an electromagnet or mechanical device to keep the pendulum going, 22:46.920 --> 22:50.440 which prevented it from stopping altogether. If the earth was 22:50.440 --> 22:53.720 moving the pendulum, then logically it should continue moving, 22:54.340 --> 22:58.480 even accounting for friction at the ball and socket joint connection of the connecting wire. 22:59.180 --> 23:02.180 Also, the pendulum is located in different positions 23:02.180 --> 23:05.720 on the earth. The closer they come towards the north and south poles, 23:06.120 --> 23:10.400 the gravitational acceleration becomes diminished as the rotation of the earth on 23:10.400 --> 23:14.100 the axis. What would be the behavior of the pendulum on the equator? 23:15.180 --> 23:18.380 Foucault's pendulum is no proof at all. But to a 23:18.380 --> 23:22.340 crowd of believers desperate to confirm the earth moves, it must have been 23:22.340 --> 23:26.260 impressive. So much so, there are replicas all over the world 23:26.260 --> 23:30.600 in buildings with high enough towers. What about the Coriolis effect? 23:31.300 --> 23:34.580 National Geographic describes the importance of the Coriolis 23:34.580 --> 23:38.480 effect as follows. First, of moving objects such as airplanes 23:38.480 --> 23:42.320 and rockets are influenced by the Coriolis effect. Pilots 23:42.320 --> 23:46.500 must take the earth's rotation into account when charting flights over long distances. 23:47.400 --> 23:50.260 This means that most planes are not flown in straight lines, 23:50.580 --> 23:53.820 even if the airports are directly across the continent from each other. 23:54.540 --> 23:58.520 The line between Portland, Maine, and Portland, Oregon, for instance, is very 23:58.520 --> 24:02.540 long and fairly straight. Flying, however, from Portland 24:02.540 --> 24:06.220 to Oregon could not fly in a straight line and land in Portland, Maine. 24:06.220 --> 24:10.220 Flying east, the Coriolis effect seems to bend to the right 24:10.220 --> 24:14.180 in a southerly direction. If the Oregon pilot flew in a straight 24:14.180 --> 24:17.400 line, the plane would end up near New York or Pennsylvania. 24:18.220 --> 24:22.400 Military aircraft and missile control technology must calculate the Coriolis 24:22.400 --> 24:26.320 effect for similar reasons. The target of an air raid can be missed 24:26.320 --> 24:29.920 entirely and innocent people in civilian structures can be damaged. 24:30.680 --> 24:34.380 The Coriolis force applies to the movement of rotating objects. 24:34.380 --> 24:38.760 It is determined by the mass of the object and the object's rate of rotation. 24:39.600 --> 24:41.960 The earth spins on its axis from west to east. 24:42.480 --> 24:46.120 The Coriolis force, therefore, acts in a north-south direction. 24:46.940 --> 24:50.460 The Coriolis force is zero at the equator. Is this so? 24:51.100 --> 24:54.520 Is the Coriolis effect even real? When a cannon ball 24:54.520 --> 24:58.360 is fired vertically, the ball lands in the muzzle, or at most 24:58.360 --> 25:02.300 two feet away, but the earth should be moving so the ball will fall 25:02.300 --> 25:06.380 some distance away from the cannon. What would happen if a cannon pointing 25:06.380 --> 25:10.140 exactly 90 degrees straight up were to fire a cannon ball vertically? 25:10.720 --> 25:14.400 Would not Coriolis effect move the ball significantly sideways? 25:15.200 --> 25:18.360 According to David Wardlaw Scott, experiments were done 25:18.360 --> 25:21.600 in England at the turn of the 20th century, using a cannon 25:22.100 --> 25:26.260 assuring that there was no Coriolis effect whatsoever with respect to the earth. 25:27.060 --> 25:30.360 In the experiment, the cannon was fastened to the earth securely 25:30.360 --> 25:34.140 in a vertical position and then fired. The cannon ball went up 25:34.140 --> 25:38.240 vertically into the air for 14 seconds, making the total time for it to go back 25:38.240 --> 25:42.540 to the earth 28 seconds. At the latitude in England, the earth 25:42.540 --> 25:46.240 would be traveling at about 600 miles per hour, and assuming the 25:46.240 --> 25:50.400 Coriolis force was genuine, the ball should fall about 5 miles west 25:50.400 --> 25:54.320 away from the cannon. This did not happen. In repeated 25:54.320 --> 25:58.280 experiments, the cannon ball fell generally within two feet of the muzzle 25:58.280 --> 26:02.280 of the cannon, and in a couple of instances, the cannon balls actually 26:02.280 --> 26:06.300 returned right back to the muzzle of the cannon's mouth. There is no 26:06.300 --> 26:10.380 concrete evidence of a Coriolis effect. Indeed, if there were truly 26:10.380 --> 26:14.300 a Coriolis effect on the earth, as depicted, then the artillery 26:14.300 --> 26:18.020 officers and snipers would be trained to consider the spin of the earth 26:18.020 --> 26:21.940 and have to make their calculations. As Samuel Robotham wrote, 26:22.500 --> 26:26.360 hence it would be found that if the earth is moving rapidly from west to east, 26:26.360 --> 26:30.420 a cannon ball fired in a due easterly direction will send the ball from a 26:30.420 --> 26:33.660 greater distance than it would if fired in a due westerly direction. 26:34.280 --> 26:37.980 But the most experienced artillerymen, many of whom who have had great 26:37.980 --> 26:42.060 practice, both at home and abroad, in almost every latitude, have 26:42.060 --> 26:46.120 declared that no difference whatsoever is observable, that in charging 26:46.120 --> 26:49.740 and pointing their guns, no difference in the working is ever required. 26:50.560 --> 26:53.920 Gunners in warships have noticed a considerable difference in the results 26:53.920 --> 26:57.760 of their firing from guns at the bow when sailing rapidly towards the 26:57.760 --> 27:01.540 object fired at, and when firing from guns placed at the stern 27:01.540 --> 27:05.860 while sailing away from the object. And in both cases, the results 27:05.860 --> 27:09.360 are different to those observed when firing from a ship at perfect rest. 27:10.240 --> 27:13.820 These details of practical experience are incompatible with the 27:13.820 --> 27:17.820 supposition of a revolving earth. If a projectile is fired 27:17.820 --> 27:21.940 from a rapidly moving body in an opposite direction to that which the body is going, 27:21.940 --> 27:25.920 it will fall short of the distance at which you reach the ground if fired 27:25.920 --> 27:29.840 in the direction of motion. Now since the earth is said to move at a rate 27:29.840 --> 27:33.700 of 1024 miles per hour from west to east, it would make 27:33.700 --> 27:37.560 all the difference imaginable if the gun were fired in the opposite direction. 27:38.140 --> 27:41.460 But, as in practice, there is not the slightest difference 27:41.460 --> 27:45.540 whichever way the thing may be done, we have a forcible overthrow of all 27:45.540 --> 27:50.040 fancies relative to the motion of the earth. Whirlpools are often 27:50.040 --> 27:54.140 referred to as proof of a globe earth assuming a northern and southern hemisphere. 27:55.080 --> 27:58.260 The belief is that water draining into a sink or toilet basin 27:58.260 --> 28:02.320 or small whirlpools in a river or lake will rotate one way or another 28:02.320 --> 28:06.680 clockwise in the northern hemisphere and counterclockwise in the southern hemisphere. 28:07.320 --> 28:09.540 This experiment has been tried many times 28:09.540 --> 28:14.200 and the conclusion is a whirlpool can go either way in both hemispheres. 28:14.840 --> 28:18.080 There are other factors that need to be considered that determine the 28:18.080 --> 28:22.080 direction of a whirlpool. Sinks and toilet basins are sometimes 28:22.080 --> 28:26.120 designed to channel the water in a particular direction. This, however, 28:26.500 --> 28:30.140 is an experiment the reader can try as a team or group with members living 28:30.140 --> 28:34.100 in both hemispheres. A walk by a river or lake, a whirlpool 28:34.100 --> 28:37.860 may sometimes be seen. Take care and make note of the direction 28:37.860 --> 28:42.000 and compare it with the location. How do astronomers and scientists 28:42.000 --> 28:45.740 explain this and justify the earth as moving? Galileo 28:45.740 --> 28:49.820 explained that a cannonball shot vertically into the air would land inside the muzzle 28:49.820 --> 28:53.260 of the cannon or very close by because the iron ball 28:53.260 --> 28:57.460 remembered it was part of the earth and came back home automatically. 28:58.260 --> 29:01.580 Marcus Chaun explains, the answer is that we 29:01.580 --> 29:05.300 and the ball and the air around us were all born into a moving world 29:05.300 --> 29:09.660 and continue to move around with the earth as it turns because that is what 29:09.660 --> 29:13.320 moving things do. This sounds more like metaphysics 29:13.320 --> 29:17.220 than physics, but this is the basic philosophy that Galileo 29:17.220 --> 29:21.160 used. It hardly makes sense, since Galileo says that 29:21.160 --> 29:23.820 these rules did not apply to the atmosphere and the clouds. 29:24.820 --> 29:28.500 If the earth was moving, cannonballs fired west should go further 29:28.500 --> 29:33.200 and balls fired north and south should show their paths curving to the west. 29:33.980 --> 29:36.260 This clearly shows the earth is not moving. 29:37.040 --> 29:41.020 Harold Brown in an article, Galileo the Elements and the Tides 29:41.020 --> 29:45.080 suggests the gravitational pull of the earth is synchronized with every 29:45.080 --> 29:49.080 part of the earth inorganic and organic. The rock or iron 29:49.080 --> 29:53.100 cannonball is seen as part of the earth and contains inherent properties 29:53.100 --> 29:57.100 of the earth. When Galileo, believing the earth moves from east 29:57.100 --> 30:01.160 to west, noticed the sky and clouds were moving west to east in the opposite 30:01.160 --> 30:05.020 direction, Galileo concluded that the gravitational forces 30:05.020 --> 30:09.160 do not apply to the air or the clouds. If the earth was 30:09.160 --> 30:13.320 turning on its own axis, flights from Keto in Ecuador to Singapore 30:13.320 --> 30:15.800 halfway across the world would be unnecessary. 30:16.900 --> 30:19.980 Both cities lie on the equator, about 12 hours apart. 30:20.820 --> 30:24.940 In that time, the earth will have moved east to west and Singapore would occupy 30:24.940 --> 30:28.640 the space that Keto occupied. This logically would mean 30:28.640 --> 30:32.560 that instead of taking a flight, the passengers could board a helicopter, 30:33.100 --> 30:37.020 hover above Keto, and 12 hours later descend vertically onto 30:37.020 --> 30:41.120 Singapore, which would have been carried by the earth's rotation at 19 miles 30:41.120 --> 30:44.740 per second from east to west. To heliocentrists, 30:44.980 --> 30:49.060 this is a preposterous idea, but logically, if the earth really 30:49.060 --> 30:53.420 is rotating, it makes perfect sense. Felix Bumgardner 30:53.420 --> 30:57.700 was taken up by a balloon in a capsule to about 128,000 feet 30:57.700 --> 31:01.180 and jumped. Felix landed very close to where the balloon 31:01.180 --> 31:05.140 carrying his capsule was launched, but if the earth was moving beneath him 31:05.140 --> 31:09.240 in the four minutes he was falling, and the earth was rotating east to west 31:09.240 --> 31:12.600 Felix would land far to the east in the Atlantic Ocean. 31:13.100 --> 31:16.940 Some believe this may be because he was held over the launching site by the wind, 31:17.160 --> 31:21.300 but this is arguable. Almost everyone in the modern world 31:21.300 --> 31:25.020 has experienced the Doppler effect, named after the German scientist 31:25.020 --> 31:29.200 Christian Doppler, which has various applications including in astronomy 31:29.200 --> 31:33.380 redshift and blueshift. Imagine an observer stood in a safe 31:33.380 --> 31:37.360 position on the side of the road, and an ambulance comes along at the road 31:37.360 --> 31:41.380 at great speed with sirens screaming. At first the noise is low from a 31:41.380 --> 31:44.820 distance, but gets louder and louder as it passes the observer. 31:45.400 --> 31:49.460 Then the sound is suddenly diminished and fades away. The intense sound 31:49.460 --> 31:52.460 is caused by the approaching ambulance compressing the airwaves. 31:53.300 --> 31:57.120 As the compression wave passes the observer, the wave compression is reduced 31:57.120 --> 32:01.460 substantially and very quickly. The point here is that this experiment 32:01.460 --> 32:05.080 can be observed, and it does not matter whether the ambulance is traveling 32:05.080 --> 32:09.240 from north to south, west to east, or east to west, it always works. 32:10.160 --> 32:13.620 Now if the earth is moving east to west at 19 miles per second, 32:14.040 --> 32:17.400 the effect would be greater than the west to east, since the earth is 32:17.400 --> 32:21.420 already traveling at speed in that direction. But this is not the case. 32:21.940 --> 32:24.060 It works in all directions of the compass. 32:25.200 --> 32:29.360 To learn more about this fascinating subject, please read the full book 32:29.360 --> 32:33.880 The Lies Astronomers Tell, for free, link in the description box. 32:34.760 --> 32:38.260 And watch the following playlist and recommended videos here.