WEBVTT 00:00.000 --> 00:07.140 The traditional science of human biology is dead wrong, because it's based on the study of 00:07.140 --> 00:14.620 dead tissues and cells distorted by chemicals, not from observing life itself. Once a sample is 00:14.620 --> 00:21.460 stained, dehydrated, and fixed on a slide, it's no longer alive. Artifacts are generated in this 00:21.460 --> 00:27.080 process which are then misperceived as organelles, receptors, and even viral particles. 00:27.080 --> 00:34.340 But when you study living cells and tissues, like blood, you see things that you might never believe 00:34.340 --> 00:40.780 to be possible, tumors, pregnancies, even spinal injuries, all in real time. 00:41.540 --> 00:48.300 Today I'm going to introduce you to a new way to look at the human body, one grounded in life, 00:49.040 --> 00:56.020 not death. This is the true health report where critical appraisal fuels true freedom. 01:02.740 --> 01:09.080 We're going to be talking about the myths of microscopy, unveiling the truth behind cell biology. 01:09.180 --> 01:14.360 In other words, what is and isn't true in some of the modern theory of the cell. 01:14.880 --> 01:22.460 So I'm going to start off by just describing some of the big problems in biology before we get 01:22.460 --> 01:29.040 specifically into microscopy. Then I'm going to get into microscopy more specifically, 01:29.530 --> 01:34.920 and we're going to really examine some of Harold Hillman's work, and I'll introduce who he is, 01:35.160 --> 01:42.200 and address some specific errors in microscopy. Then we're going to draw some conclusions from 01:42.200 --> 01:48.660 that, what we can take away in terms of what's true about the cell. So let me just begin by 01:48.660 --> 01:56.300 saying that what we're going to talk about today with microscopy is, and in general, 01:56.300 --> 02:03.460 is not even science. So just to refresh everyone's memory, science and the scientific method 02:03.460 --> 02:08.320 is specifically, we have starting point as we observe phenomenon, and then we come up with 02:08.320 --> 02:14.260 ideas or hypotheses about what causes the phenomenon we observe, and then we design 02:14.780 --> 02:19.940 special controlled experiments to test if there is a cause and effect relationship. 02:20.080 --> 02:24.680 But what we're really talking about today is observation. So it's the preliminary stage 02:24.680 --> 02:31.040 before we have even a phenomenon in nature that we would want to determine the cause of. 02:31.300 --> 02:36.340 So it's kind of like almost a little bit like epistemology of nature that we're trying to just 02:36.340 --> 02:41.680 say, okay, what are the things in nature that we can observe? And then once we observe them, 02:41.680 --> 02:47.960 then we may generate some understanding by pursuing various additional pathways. 02:48.380 --> 02:53.060 Okay, so there are of course errors in observation, which is really what we're 02:53.060 --> 03:00.480 going to be discussing in more detail. And some of these apply also to scientific experiments 03:00.480 --> 03:04.780 where they are trying to determine a cause and effect relationship, such as I've discussed 03:04.780 --> 03:11.300 at length with germ theory. So one of the big problems has to do with looking at dead 03:11.300 --> 03:17.960 versus living cells and tissues and organisms. And if you can imagine, as is often told 03:17.960 --> 03:23.760 by people explaining this, if you were some kind of alien entity, if those existed, but 03:23.760 --> 03:31.380 non human, not of the earth, and you were trying to look at the animals on the earth to study them, 03:31.800 --> 03:36.420 right? Would you kill them first in order to learn about them? Or would you try to observe 03:36.420 --> 03:41.120 them while they're alive? And this of course plays out in modern biology where almost all 03:41.120 --> 03:47.620 of the examination specifically under the microscope is done with dead cells and tissues 03:47.620 --> 03:52.740 rather than living. So let me give you a little anecdote about Harvey Bigelson. So Harvey Bigelson 03:52.740 --> 04:00.160 was a pretty well known osteopathic physician who studied under Casey and also developed 04:00.160 --> 04:05.300 some very unique ideas and findings. And one of those was by looking at live blood cells. 04:05.300 --> 04:10.980 And what he discovered by looking at living blood under microscope, and there are regular 04:10.980 --> 04:15.840 light microscopes that are capable of doing this with various optical technology, 04:16.280 --> 04:22.380 like dark field and phase contrast, etc. And he discovered what he called holographs in the 04:22.380 --> 04:27.880 blood or the holographic blood is, I believe, the title of his book. And now his sons, 04:28.360 --> 04:32.400 Adam and Josh Bigelson, are carrying on this knowledge and helping to spread it. And 04:32.400 --> 04:38.180 this is a demonstration. And you can see the circles in the background on all of these three 04:38.180 --> 04:43.620 panels represent red blood cells or erythrocytes. And these are all viewed under different types 04:43.620 --> 04:48.180 of light microscopy. And these are all living specimens of blood. And what you could see 04:48.180 --> 04:54.900 here are these kind of irregular objects in here, which resemble anatomical structures. 04:55.160 --> 05:00.020 And there are, you know, hundreds of examples of this. So these are not unique, but these 05:00.020 --> 05:04.860 are just a couple of different ones. So if we go the panel on the left, what it claims to be showing 05:04.860 --> 05:10.580 is a cross section of the brainstem showing a tumor after radiation therapy. Now you could 05:10.580 --> 05:17.300 actually compare this with a CT or an MRI image of the same slice to show that it's anatomically 05:17.300 --> 05:22.420 accurate. And I would believe that this was actually done with this image. The second panel 05:22.420 --> 05:27.560 or middle panel, right, this holograph shows a developing fetus. And this was seen in the 05:27.560 --> 05:33.880 blood of a woman who is six weeks pregnant. And lastly, on the right, we have a midline cross 05:33.880 --> 05:41.400 sectional view, a sagittal view, it looks like, of the spinal cord and vertebrae that shows a 05:41.400 --> 05:46.380 compression fracture or collapse vertebra. And this correlated with the clinical condition 05:46.380 --> 05:52.240 of the patient as well. So this is, you know, quite an astounding finding if you open up 05:52.240 --> 05:58.160 yourself to trust that it's actually a real thing. And through doing this kind of live blood 05:58.160 --> 06:03.120 analysis, and they were able to show countless examples of this that correlated with the clinical 06:03.120 --> 06:09.960 situation. So Harvey, Dr. Bigelson was able to garner the interest of a quite a renowned 06:09.960 --> 06:16.100 hematologist at Washington University in St. Louis. And he had actually been invited 06:16.100 --> 06:22.660 by that hematologist to come and demonstrate his microscopic findings. So Harvey, I think, 06:22.680 --> 06:28.380 packed up his microscope, got on a plane or maybe drove, I'm not sure, got all the way there, sat 06:28.380 --> 06:33.540 down in the room with this hematologist. And the hematologist suddenly realized that they 06:33.540 --> 06:37.440 were going to be looking at living blood. In other words, it hadn't been killed, 06:37.820 --> 06:43.300 dehydrated, and stained as is usually done. And once he learned this, he actually refused 06:43.300 --> 06:48.000 to sit down and look at the images and pursue any further collaboration or learning 06:48.580 --> 06:54.780 from Harvey Bigelson. So there is an interesting culture in the scientific and biological 06:54.780 --> 07:00.460 community that it's a taboo to look at something living, even though from a accuracy 07:00.460 --> 07:04.540 or observational point of view, it actually doesn't make sense to look at 07:05.060 --> 07:11.280 things that are dead. So this is a big problem in many of the conclusions that are drawn 07:11.280 --> 07:17.040 are from pictures of dead things that are frozen in points in time. And that's the other aspect of 07:17.040 --> 07:22.280 this. And if you could imagine the image, for example, of someone with their hand extended 07:22.280 --> 07:28.020 right outside a door of a house and the door is partially open. And that still image, 07:28.140 --> 07:33.220 that freeze frame, does not allow you to tell if the individual is entering the home or 07:33.220 --> 07:36.540 leaving the home. It's just a freeze frame. And there could be other possibilities 07:36.540 --> 07:42.160 besides that. And this is the limitation of looking at dead tissue that's frozen in time. You can't 07:42.160 --> 07:47.320 observe any behavior because nothing changes unless you do something to affect it. Now, 07:47.360 --> 07:53.260 there's another problem that is equally as big, if not bigger, and is very similar. And this has 07:53.260 --> 08:00.240 to do with what I call simulation, that it seems in this modern area of molecular biology 08:00.240 --> 08:06.900 that much of the research is not learned in an actual organism, but it's learned by simulating 08:06.900 --> 08:12.780 what might go on in an organism in the laboratory, these so-called in vitro molecular studies. And 08:12.780 --> 08:17.460 I'll give you an example of this, which is quite astounding actually. And it's in the field of 08:17.460 --> 08:21.720 toxicology, which is a, you know, it's quite simple to understand cause and effect 08:21.720 --> 08:26.560 relationships in toxicology when you have controlled experiments that you have animals, 08:26.560 --> 08:33.200 and you would of course want to use animals that are like their wild counterparts as much as possible. 08:33.460 --> 08:38.340 So not genetically modified, like many of these experiments. And you simply give different doses 08:38.340 --> 08:44.340 of the material that you're studying the toxicity of to the animals, and you observe 08:44.340 --> 08:51.060 the health effects. So quite simple. But now when I was looking for toxicity due to 08:51.060 --> 08:56.380 graphene, right, because it's a new substance, it was only invented. And the inventors, I believe, 08:56.400 --> 09:01.400 won a Nobel Prize in this century. So I wanted to study the toxicology. Obviously, it was 09:01.400 --> 09:07.380 perhaps relevant to the injections that were given around the world. And I did find one study 09:07.380 --> 09:13.380 on actual living organisms, but most of the studies were simulations. So what they did is 09:13.380 --> 09:18.180 they took, for example, like a culture of standardized immune cells that you could, 09:18.180 --> 09:24.760 you know, buy from a commercial cell culture supplier, and they would mix a graphene and then 09:24.760 --> 09:31.620 they would do molecular assays at the expression of different cytokines or, you know, so-called markers 09:31.620 --> 09:37.740 or mediators of inflammation. But of course, there are so many potential sources of errors. 09:37.920 --> 09:41.800 Why would we believe that what happens in a petri dish in the cell culture where the 09:41.800 --> 09:47.460 commercially prepared cell line represents what actually occurs in a living organism? 09:47.460 --> 09:54.460 So we have these two fundamental problems. Now, if we put it a little bit in context for today, 09:54.720 --> 10:01.980 we want to get to what is the modern model of the cell according to cell biology. And I'm going to, 10:01.980 --> 10:06.320 you know, show you a diagram in a few minutes. That's going to be familiar to all of you, 10:06.380 --> 10:10.700 but we're going to show you some evidence that actually debunks many of the things that 10:10.700 --> 10:18.300 we were taught, of course. So let's start off with the first video. And this is Harold Hillman 10:18.300 --> 10:23.460 narrating. And Hillman is a scientist who is much maligned by the establishment because he 10:23.460 --> 10:29.760 challenged many of the accepted so-called consensus ideas or opinions about the cell 10:29.760 --> 10:34.860 through logic. And of course, very few people took up the challenge to try to address 10:34.860 --> 10:39.120 these questions. But he was, you know, essentially it was very hard for him to 10:39.120 --> 10:45.200 publish. He was not well accepted as talks. He wasn't taken seriously by the mainstream 10:45.200 --> 10:53.440 scientific establishment. However, his points are, you know, purely logical and have not been 10:53.440 --> 11:01.280 explained or overturned in the duration of his lifetime. So he put together this video, 11:01.400 --> 11:07.100 and it's basically explaining a little bit about how in the modern era of electron microscopy, 11:07.100 --> 11:12.020 which can see things very, very tiny on a nanometer scale or billionth of a meter, 11:12.180 --> 11:17.760 and this technology was invented in the 1930s, how certain new knowledge, quote unquote, 11:18.040 --> 11:22.680 has come to exist about the cell that's been accepted. And then later on we're going to 11:22.680 --> 11:27.080 see how these things may not actually be true. Okay, go ahead and roll the film. 11:27.520 --> 11:32.780 The electron microscope, which was applied to the study of biological tissues in the 1940s, 11:32.780 --> 11:37.700 permits magnifications two to three orders greater than is possible by light microscopy. 11:38.080 --> 11:41.900 As a result of observations of tissues with this greater magnification, 11:42.520 --> 11:47.960 a number of new structures was seen. These are illustrated in this plasma cell from 11:47.960 --> 11:57.500 Blumen-Forsitz classical textbook of histology. The new structures are the endoplasmic 11:57.500 --> 12:04.580 reticulum, first seen by Porter, Claude and Fulham, the nuclear pores by Callan and Tomlin, 12:05.460 --> 12:12.900 and the unit membrane by Robertson. The existence of the Golgi body, about which there had been 12:12.900 --> 12:19.500 much controversy up to the middle 1950s, was regarded as having been proved when it was seen 12:19.500 --> 12:24.180 on electron microscopy as in this typical picture of toner and car. 12:28.560 --> 12:40.520 Christie was seen for the first time in mitochondria. This well-known diagram by Brachet or the 12:40.520 --> 12:45.840 generalized cell is one of two which appeared in the Scientific American and have been widely 12:45.840 --> 12:53.520 reproduced in textbooks. In it the following features can be seen. Within the cytoplasm there is a 12:53.520 --> 13:01.020 Golgi body and an extensive endoplasmic reticulum, which is connected to the extracellular space 13:01.840 --> 13:07.120 and to the nucleus. Pores are present in the nuclear membrane. 13:09.240 --> 13:15.000 Here is the other diagram by Robertson. It shares all the features of the Brachet cell, 13:15.580 --> 13:20.340 but in this one the membranes all appear as double lines and therefore there are cisternae 13:20.340 --> 13:27.600 between them. Both diagrams are intended to show the living cell and both are regarded 13:27.600 --> 13:31.180 as being representative of plants as well as of animal cells. 13:31.540 --> 13:38.400 I hope that wasn't too technical for everyone to look at, but we're going to revisit that a 13:38.400 --> 13:45.820 couple of times. I just want to highlight a few of the points that supposedly electron 13:45.820 --> 13:57.140 microscopy discovered some new aspects of the cell and then also confirmed the presence of the 13:57.140 --> 14:03.380 middle. We see the nucleus in this pink and purple color and you can see the nuclear pores are present 14:03.380 --> 14:08.660 around the outside represented as those circles. That's one of the so-called discoveries from 14:08.660 --> 14:14.000 electron microscopy and we may not get into that today. Then we see in the blue all the 14:14.000 --> 14:19.540 squiggly maze lines is the endoplasmic reticulum and you can see clearly that it does 14:19.540 --> 14:25.620 invaginate the nuclear membrane in the center, but it doesn't clearly show it interfacing with the 14:25.620 --> 14:31.660 outer cell membrane, but this is what the textbooks say that it's anchored to both points and provides 14:31.660 --> 14:37.420 a channel of communication between the nucleus and the extracellular matrix. Then you see 14:37.940 --> 14:44.180 Golgi in here as well represented by the green and you can see that it looks quite similar to 14:44.180 --> 14:50.660 the endoplasmic reticulum. Then it also shows the mitochondria and red, the chrystae which are the 14:50.660 --> 14:59.280 orange sections internally which were also said to be discovered by electron microscopy. I want to go 14:59.280 --> 15:04.680 a little bit further into Harold Hillman because one is he did not only criticize and write about 15:04.680 --> 15:11.000 microscopy. He also wrote quite a bit about biochemistry, but he came up with a list of 15:11.000 --> 15:20.220 I believe it's 47 unanswered questions in biology and these encompass all the principles that we're 15:20.220 --> 15:25.840 going to be talking about in more detail as well as several other principles that are of note. 15:26.340 --> 15:31.960 So I wanted to just go through and highlight several of the questions that I felt were of 15:31.960 --> 15:37.780 particular importance and were at the level that we could all understand without knowing 15:37.780 --> 15:44.680 more details about cellular neurobiology or other more narrower topics. So let's start with 15:44.680 --> 15:52.320 question seven. Where do protein synthesis and acid hydrolysis occur in cells in which ribosomes 15:52.320 --> 15:59.080 and lysosomes cannot be seen? So we're told in the textbooks that ribosomes are the site of 15:59.080 --> 16:07.140 protein synthesis where the protein is translated from the messenger RNA. However, there are 16:07.140 --> 16:13.720 cells which have been visualized under electron microscopy which have proteins because every cell 16:13.720 --> 16:17.940 has to have proteins because they carry out all the function. So there are proteins in the cell 16:17.940 --> 16:22.860 but no ribosomes. So how does that cell make proteins? And there are other questions also 16:22.860 --> 16:27.800 talking about the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and prokaryotic cells 16:28.460 --> 16:34.180 have no internal organelles. They don't have a formed nucleus. Their genetic material 16:34.180 --> 16:40.780 allegedly is freely floating in the cytoplasm and they can of course undergo protein synthesis as well 16:40.780 --> 16:48.660 without having ribosomes and lysosomes are allegedly the site where the acid hydrolysis 16:48.660 --> 16:55.400 or the hydrolysis the breaking down of the proteins occur to recycle the raw materials. 16:55.640 --> 17:00.200 I mean there are also cells where lysosomes are not seen. So let's go to question 12. 17:00.200 --> 17:06.120 How can one study membranes by electron microscopy when they are believed to contain 17:06.120 --> 17:11.340 lipids which the procedure extracts? And now that's a very interesting thing and this is 17:11.340 --> 17:19.260 an issue with electron microscopy in general is that the processing of the tissue and the 17:19.260 --> 17:24.380 staining procedures allow that no biological material can be visualized under the electron 17:24.380 --> 17:32.220 microscope. We simply see metals that have been sprinkled as the biological tissue is then removed 17:32.220 --> 17:38.500 through you know various methods freezing dehydration and electron beam etc and we don't see 17:38.500 --> 17:42.480 any tissue at all. So how can we learn about those substances when they're not actually 17:42.480 --> 17:49.860 present? So quite an interesting question. Next is number 14. Why do those who calculate 17:49.860 --> 17:55.780 dimensions from electron micrographs not take into account the shrinkage during preparation 17:55.780 --> 18:02.200 and examination of their sections cells and organelles? So in other words the process of 18:02.200 --> 18:10.200 preparing the tissue for visualization causes shrinkage but the dimensions of the different 18:10.200 --> 18:15.720 anatomical aspects of the cell are reported as they're seen under the microscope without 18:15.720 --> 18:21.840 accounting for any shrinkage. So in other words not their actual size and you can imagine that if 18:21.840 --> 18:28.520 we sort of took you know mummified remains that were completely dehydrated and decomposed and you 18:28.520 --> 18:34.540 know didn't account for any loss of tissue or mass and said that represented the you know the 18:34.540 --> 18:40.880 weight of those people in real life for example. And so next question 21. Why are receptors 18:40.880 --> 18:46.180 and channels which have been characterized sequences and their sizes measured or calculated 18:46.820 --> 18:53.060 not seen on membranes by transmission electron microscopy? So we've all been told the story 18:53.060 --> 19:01.540 that much of the physiology that we undergo in our bodies is carried out by membrane receptors and 19:01.540 --> 19:06.660 membrane ion channels like for example the sodium potassium pump that maintains our resting 19:06.660 --> 19:12.540 membrane potential. All of the neurotransmitter receptors which psychiatric drugs are based upon 19:12.540 --> 19:19.620 right such as serotonergic receptors and noradrenalinergic or norepinephrine receptors for example 19:19.620 --> 19:25.080 cortisol receptors although those are said to be nuclear but many many types of membrane receptors 19:25.580 --> 19:31.680 and we know this these have been purified out of cell cultures and they've been measured 19:32.340 --> 19:36.820 in terms of their molecular weight by gel electrophoresis so that's what he's getting at 19:36.820 --> 19:45.020 with the size being known. So we know that these are big enough or large enough to be seen on electron 19:45.020 --> 19:50.960 microscopic images but they've never been seen so you know how could there be so many of them 19:50.960 --> 19:56.940 all over the membrane if they're never visualized at all quite a mystery. Question 26. 19:56.940 --> 20:03.880 Why is it assumed that the receptors for transmitters hormones messengers antibodies drugs and toxins 20:04.280 --> 20:09.480 are on the surface of the cell membrane once again a related question because they're not 20:09.480 --> 20:16.120 visualized there certainly their reaction with their ligands has been demonstrated biochemically 20:16.580 --> 20:21.720 but that's only after the cell has been you know fractionated into a million different pieces 20:21.720 --> 20:28.540 right but the chemistry itself has never been shown to take place on the surface of the cell 20:28.540 --> 20:35.080 so why is that assumed? So next one is question 32. If nuclear pores allow RNA to pass through 20:35.080 --> 20:41.040 how do they prevent smaller molecules and ions going through at the same time and why is there 20:41.040 --> 20:46.140 a potential difference across the nuclear membrane? Well that's quite interesting so the 20:46.140 --> 20:52.600 potential difference means that there has to be a different concentration of you know positive or 20:52.600 --> 20:59.640 negative charges on one side of the nuclear membrane as opposed to the other and the concentration 20:59.640 --> 21:05.760 gradient right would equalize that if those ions or charged particles were allowed to freely 21:05.760 --> 21:11.280 pass through. Now the size of the nuclear pore is said to range from about 200 angstrom units 21:11.280 --> 21:18.500 to a thousand angstrom units whereas the size of the typical charged particles like sodium and potassium 21:18.500 --> 21:25.240 are less than 20 angstrom units so you know one tenth of the diameter they should be able to 21:25.240 --> 21:31.340 easily fit through however there is some how that it's maintained that they are kept separate 21:31.340 --> 21:38.020 whereas RNA molecules which are huge right too big to get through those holes pass through 21:38.020 --> 21:44.860 easily or so we're told and this just really does not add up. Question 33. What is the evidence that 21:44.860 --> 21:51.140 each cell of a particular plant or animal contains the same quantity of DNA? That's quite 21:51.140 --> 21:57.300 interesting and this is something that has simply never been measured. 38. Is it warrantable to assume 21:57.300 --> 22:02.100 that growth of tissues in culture does not change their morphology biochemistry or 22:02.100 --> 22:06.920 immunoreactivity? Of course it's very very different especially with mammalian cell cultures 22:06.920 --> 22:15.780 because inside the body of a mammal for example we have the blood supply right and we have the 22:15.780 --> 22:21.900 drainage and we have the lymph fatic system so there is a continual replenishment of nutrients 22:21.900 --> 22:29.320 and a removal of excretion there's water balance electrolyte balance that is all regulated by 22:29.320 --> 22:35.200 other organs in the body and reflected in the blood flow and in the constituents in the tissue 22:35.200 --> 22:41.420 fluids right the function of the liver and the kidneys etc etc the pancreas the endocrine system 22:41.880 --> 22:47.500 to affect different levels of constituents of the blood. Now we cannot simulate this in a tissue 22:47.500 --> 22:53.780 culture right we can't even have we can't have a continuous flow there's no synthetic heart or 22:53.780 --> 22:59.800 heart in a laboratory heart that is nourishing these tissues right so we just add in a bunch 22:59.800 --> 23:05.920 of stuff and then every day add more sometimes we you know take it out and put it in a new wash 23:05.920 --> 23:11.820 everything away and put it in a new container and kind of you know start fresh to keep all the 23:11.820 --> 23:17.500 stuff from building up but this of course has to change the cells in some way and there's not been 23:17.500 --> 23:23.960 adequate research to say exactly how these procedures themselves right which you could 23:23.960 --> 23:29.600 generally call disruption affect the actual physiology of the cells which is what you're 23:29.600 --> 23:36.760 trying to observe and learn from 45 the last one we'll look at. In diseases believed to be auto 23:36.760 --> 23:44.160 immune either organ specific or tissue specific why does the body not reject the specific organ 23:44.160 --> 23:51.160 or tissue as it rejects incompatible transplanted hearts or blood of the wrong group often 23:51.160 --> 23:56.220 making the patients ill or even killing them this is a an excellent excellent question of course 23:56.220 --> 24:03.500 I think the mainstream would just say oh it's a different type of reaction but this is a very 24:03.500 --> 24:10.680 excellent example because if the body recognizes part of itself as foreign right it would reject 24:10.680 --> 24:15.700 that part because that's what happens when you put a foreign organ in and we know that we have 24:15.700 --> 24:22.340 to give very toxic immunosuppressive drugs to prevent that rejection by the way when we transplant 24:22.340 --> 24:29.220 the immune system like in a bone marrow transplant the exact opposite happens and it's called graft 24:29.220 --> 24:34.700 versus host disease and what it means is that the transplanted immune system actually rejects the 24:34.700 --> 24:40.480 body that you put it in and this also has to be managed with similar immunosuppressive drugs 24:41.000 --> 24:47.860 so you can see that I only covered a small portion of these questions but there there has not been any 24:47.860 --> 24:54.500 other observations or studies that have really addressed these problems and I really only 24:54.500 --> 25:00.980 touched the tip of the iceberg so far so let's now dive into microscopy specifically and I would 25:00.980 --> 25:08.020 say that microscopy has macroscopic problems and one of the main categories that we're 25:08.020 --> 25:14.140 going to talk about here is disruption right and this is when we do things right to the materials 25:14.140 --> 25:18.680 of nature that we're studying and we have to be very very careful because any interaction 25:18.680 --> 25:24.920 even you know touching holding something right all these things affect the integrity of our 25:24.920 --> 25:30.040 observations so we have to be very very careful and be super conscious of how we're 25:30.040 --> 25:36.260 disrupting the nature of what we are trying to observe and with you know tissues and cells 25:36.260 --> 25:42.680 they can be very very delicate and of course they can be on a very very small scale so even 25:42.680 --> 25:49.420 subtle movements can be quite disruptive so we talked a little bit about dead versus living right 25:49.420 --> 25:55.020 so one of the things that we do to disrupt a big one is is we kill the cells for microscopy 25:55.020 --> 26:01.780 only a few types of folks are actually looking at living cells under the microscope and very 26:01.780 --> 26:07.600 few of them are researchers most of them are naturopathic type of health practitioners who are 26:07.600 --> 26:14.820 doing this for clinical diagnostic purposes but not for research purposes so aside from 26:14.820 --> 26:21.480 killing the cells versus keeping them alive the staining process itself how the tissues 26:21.480 --> 26:27.380 process once it's already dead and removed from the body also does quite a number of things 26:27.380 --> 26:34.420 and you can see now from this chart that there are two diagrams here a and b a on the top and 26:34.420 --> 26:40.700 b on the bottom and they're both alternative methods of preparing tissue to look at under 26:40.700 --> 26:46.900 a scanning electron microscope and you can see that on the top it's mostly using chemical 26:46.900 --> 26:56.200 reagents to dehydrate the tissue and to stain it and the bottom method is using a freezing and 26:56.200 --> 27:03.720 freeze drying right now we know for example when we you know freeze food right that we can change 27:03.720 --> 27:09.480 the taste of it and so you can imagine that that means that a number of the actual chemicals 27:09.480 --> 27:16.700 and the organization of the matter that we've frozen right has changed such that we can detect 27:16.700 --> 27:24.940 a change in the flavor texture aroma etc and so that's really what is being represented by 27:24.940 --> 27:31.440 these processes is that they're changing the nature of the sample in really unknown ways 27:31.440 --> 27:37.140 because they haven't been fully explored in research and then we are relying on the results of the end 27:37.140 --> 27:43.720 product to tell us about the starting material without accounting for any of this disruption if 27:43.720 --> 27:49.680 we're talking about basic light microscopy one of the most common ways that human tissue like 27:49.680 --> 27:56.700 biopsies and of course peripheral blood smears are prepared for microscopic examination is by 27:56.700 --> 28:02.760 staining with H and E or hematoxilin and eosin so this is what I'm going to show you in the video 28:02.760 --> 28:08.800 in a minute and we're going to see how this process changes the shape and the size of the 28:08.800 --> 28:13.880 cells we're looking at but I want to just describe the process before you see it so you know what 28:13.880 --> 28:18.320 you're looking at so first they're going to stabilize cellular structures by chemical 28:18.960 --> 28:24.320 fixation and that means putting them in formaldehyde or glutaraldehyde so this is just like 28:24.320 --> 28:30.920 embalming fluid that we would you know use at a mortuary to fix the tissues and we know that these 28:30.920 --> 28:37.880 are reactive chemicals and they change the nature so for example in medical school we did cadaver 28:37.880 --> 28:44.920 dissections with bodies that had been fixed right by formaldehyde and they are much much 28:44.920 --> 28:50.820 harder to cut into for example you go through lots of blades scalpel blades dissecting a cadaver 28:50.820 --> 28:56.100 whereas when you're cutting through living tissue it cuts much easier so you know you can notice a 28:56.100 --> 29:00.680 lot of difference that's a textural difference now number two dehydrate and infiltrate the 29:00.680 --> 29:06.120 tissues with paraffin or plastic now this is going to be omitted in the video because we're 29:06.120 --> 29:10.100 looking at the whole process on a microscope slide and that would make it so you couldn't 29:10.100 --> 29:15.980 visualize the tissue because after it is put in the the wax block it has to be then sliced so we're 29:15.980 --> 29:22.620 looking at naked tissue here but this is what is normally done and then the embed fixed tissues 29:22.620 --> 29:26.940 in paraffin or plastic blocks so that two and three is what we're not we're going to skip but then 29:26.940 --> 29:32.860 it is cut into the slices number two we are doing it's it's just not with paraffin or plastic 29:32.860 --> 29:38.920 it's with a series of alcohol and xylean solutions and then we are going to rehydrate 29:38.920 --> 29:44.760 as in step five with water and then with another series of alcohol or ethanol solutions and then 29:44.760 --> 29:51.180 applying the stains as described so if you want to run the video now and we'll see how this 29:51.180 --> 29:59.660 looks under the microscope in real time here we see the two unfixed cell bodies filling a large part 29:59.660 --> 30:09.580 of the screen they are fixed with formalin and we have outlined the original cells to view this 30:09.580 --> 30:19.920 shrinkage we will soon see the solution coming in from the left and the shrinkage is gradual but 30:19.920 --> 30:27.400 quite perceptible although these photographs have been taken in real time they have been 30:27.400 --> 30:32.140 edited to show the important points here we're focusing 30:34.900 --> 30:44.560 and we then proceed to the 70 to 100% ethanol to dehydrate the cells but this has been left out 30:44.560 --> 30:54.360 in the editing here we see the cells now in 100% ethanol being completely dehydrated 30:55.320 --> 31:04.540 and as we watch them we will next add the xylean to replace the 100% ethanol refocusing 31:08.060 --> 31:09.220 refocusing again 31:12.640 --> 31:19.310 now we see the xyleol which replaces the ethanol and makes the cells rather difficult to see for 31:19.310 --> 31:27.690 brief period we have not embedded the cells in paraffin wax as is usual 31:28.510 --> 31:33.410 because they could not be seen in the wax and we could not withdraw it from the chamber 31:35.010 --> 31:44.470 but we then proceed therefore from the xylean which we see here back to the ethanol's 31:44.470 --> 32:05.490 from 100% down 70% back to an aqueous solution here we see the ethanol replacing the xylean 32:11.270 --> 32:14.390 once again the shrinkage is considerable 32:18.550 --> 32:19.990 we are refocusing 32:23.490 --> 32:27.990 and the next stage consists of rehydration 32:30.610 --> 32:35.990 and then we stain with hematoxilin which makes the cells go reddish 32:45.320 --> 32:52.020 we have now changed from phase contrast microscopy to bright field illumination during the staining 32:52.020 --> 32:59.060 with hematoxilin the hematoxilin is now being washed out and we will shortly see the staining 32:59.060 --> 33:11.270 with eosin the wave of the eosin is coming in from the left as the whole background goes 33:11.270 --> 33:28.130 orange there is a precipitate formed which is gradually washed away from left to right 33:28.930 --> 33:34.910 now we are washing off the eosin and it is going away from right to left 33:37.150 --> 33:44.610 a piece of debris stained with hematoxilin has arrived as we dehydrate the cells in ethanol 33:44.610 --> 33:54.250 and through xyleol which we are editing out and finally we embed in dpx 33:55.870 --> 34:01.450 we'll very shortly compare this appearance please look very carefully with the original 34:01.450 --> 34:10.030 appearance of the two same neurons well i think if you're paying close attention 34:10.670 --> 34:17.750 you would be quite astonished with the difference in not only the size but also the shape right 34:17.750 --> 34:24.110 the cell on the right for example it had a very smooth membrane boundary in the original visualization 34:24.110 --> 34:29.950 but after all the processing and staining it became stellate with various points on the 34:29.950 --> 34:34.890 surface right and there are cells called astrocytes for example that have that appearance and you 34:34.890 --> 34:40.590 wonder is that really how they look or is that an artifact of the staining process so 34:40.590 --> 34:47.150 the end product was only really about two times as large as the nucleus was in the original image 34:47.150 --> 34:53.070 and as i was saying earlier if you look up the sizes of these structures of various types of 34:53.070 --> 34:59.930 cells in textbooks they are reported based on the end product of what's seen under the 34:59.930 --> 35:06.890 microscope which you could see you know maybe 20 to 25 percent of the original size and of course the 35:06.890 --> 35:12.810 morphology has changed as well and there's simply no accounting for the shrinkage and you know it would 35:12.810 --> 35:18.770 be a difficult issue to figure out because there are all kinds of slight variations in those 35:18.770 --> 35:24.910 processes you can tell by the slide that i put up right that it described things that 35:24.910 --> 35:30.330 weren't exactly identical to what the procedure that was done in this video right because each lab 35:30.330 --> 35:37.050 may have a slight variations in how they do this and so each time what you'd have to do is standardize 35:37.050 --> 35:43.410 right the change that occurs from that process and it might be different if you're starting 35:43.410 --> 35:48.470 materials different so if you're looking at mouse cells versus chicken cells for example or if 35:48.470 --> 35:53.990 you're looking at brain cells versus pancreatic cells there might be a difference so it really 35:53.990 --> 36:01.690 complicates things and is a huge source of error in reporting some of the characteristics or 36:01.690 --> 36:08.210 observations of cells now i want to mention something else which i call post hoc disruption 36:08.210 --> 36:16.330 or post hoc modification and this occurs sometimes when what's visualized in research perhaps is 36:16.330 --> 36:22.530 not what is expected and so additional processing is used to make it look like it's supposed to 36:22.530 --> 36:29.470 look and there was a SARS-CoV-2 paper out of Australia which did this very thing so it supposedly 36:29.470 --> 36:36.930 did the cell culture simulations and showed particles around the surface or membrane of the 36:36.930 --> 36:42.330 cells that it you know put that magic arrow point and declare and said that these were 36:42.330 --> 36:48.910 SARS-CoV-2 virus particles however they did not have the characteristic spikes around them 36:49.430 --> 36:54.610 so they said well we know it's COVID even though it doesn't have the spikes so they mixed it 36:54.610 --> 37:00.970 the samples with a digestive enzyme called trypsin which is a serine protease and it breaks apart 37:00.970 --> 37:07.670 proteins so they break apart the proteins in the sample then image it that way and then they see 37:07.670 --> 37:14.610 the so-called spikes right so that was not something that was actually visible or present 37:15.030 --> 37:21.990 in the sample it was simply produced by this protein digestion but they reported it proudly 37:21.990 --> 37:29.870 as if they had actually found the holy grail these types of mistakes that we're talking about right 37:29.870 --> 37:36.470 like produced by trypsin for example we could call artifacts and they're artifacts of the 37:36.470 --> 37:43.830 man-made processing part so they are not present in the actual nature but we see them in the 37:43.830 --> 37:50.370 sample but they're caused by our own interaction or disruption of the material that we're observing so 37:50.370 --> 37:57.190 we're going to run another video now which talks about how some artifacts additional artifacts can 37:57.190 --> 38:04.670 be created through preparing tissue for microscopic examination a geometrical line is a fiction 38:04.670 --> 38:11.670 because it has position but no thickness any real layer has two surfaces 38:14.050 --> 38:22.570 this layer represents a real membrane heavy metals like osmium tungsten and lead are deposited on 38:22.570 --> 38:29.570 surface of such membranes well from microscopy and as we see here the membrane appears as two parallel 38:29.570 --> 38:37.430 lines of heavy metal thus any stain which is a deposit like a heavy metal will never permit us 38:37.430 --> 38:43.530 to see a real membrane as one line this point applies equally to freezing techniques 38:43.530 --> 38:48.510 although freezing is used for fixation heavy metals are also used for seeing a tissue 38:50.710 --> 38:56.290 when a tissue is prepared for electron microscope it contains some embedding medium some heavy metal 38:56.290 --> 39:02.110 and possibly some tissue each of these three components is grossly different with respect 39:02.110 --> 39:08.770 to its coefficient of expansion heat conductivity affinity for metal electron density stability 39:09.390 --> 39:14.510 vapor pressure and compressibility let us now look at one of these the temperature coefficient 39:16.310 --> 39:21.950 the figure for osmium is approximately one tenth of that of the epoxy resins and the 39:21.950 --> 39:27.110 temperature inside the electron microscope specimen has been measured and is several hundred degrees 39:28.570 --> 39:33.890 therefore the tissue the metal and the embedding medium with their vastly different coefficients 39:33.890 --> 39:39.670 of expansion will explode if rapidly heated to high temperature as that's a piece of clay in 39:39.670 --> 39:48.870 a potter's oven if it contains air bubbles there is no doubt that on electron micrographs 39:48.870 --> 39:54.530 one can see the appearance of an endoplasmic reticulum in a cytoplasm of most cells so that 39:54.530 --> 40:01.190 if one believes it to be an artifact one should be able to explain it we can describe the cytoplasm 40:01.190 --> 40:06.630 in the living cell as an aqueous suspension containing among other constituents salts 40:06.630 --> 40:13.890 minor acids fatty acids and many metabolites soluble in water when the tissue is dehydrated 40:13.890 --> 40:19.390 and organic solvents are added for electron microscopy these solutes must precipitate 40:19.390 --> 40:26.650 and insoluble particles will deposit the distinguished cryobiologist louis and his school 40:26.650 --> 40:32.430 in madison have shown the beautiful patterns which may be obtained when various solutions are frozen 40:32.430 --> 40:38.130 and then viewed with electron microscope these are the patterns made by freezing salts 40:40.230 --> 40:43.810 and these made by freezing amino acids and distro 40:45.790 --> 40:52.370 when freezing to below minus 50 degrees occurs ice crystallizes out and the solute precipitate 40:53.250 --> 40:58.310 however it is most significant the particular pattern found depends upon the rate of freezing 40:58.310 --> 41:04.010 the nature of the solutes the purity of the constituents and their relative and total concentrations 41:04.790 --> 41:09.730 it is of particular interest that careful examination of their precipitates by electron 41:09.730 --> 41:16.070 microscopy often reveals the two line thick appearance and these two lines appear to be 41:16.070 --> 41:23.770 over a remarkably uniform distance apart is this a model for the unit membrane so you can see several 41:23.770 --> 41:30.270 interesting things there and they were talking specifically about electron microscopy but he 41:30.270 --> 41:35.350 was saying that in the sample that is prepared right there there are different materials and 41:35.350 --> 41:40.590 you saw that diagram with the tissue right which could be if it was the membrane supposedly it's 41:40.590 --> 41:45.770 made of lipids right or it could be made of proteins or carbohydrates those are the main 41:46.470 --> 41:52.810 components of tissue then you have the metal which was the osmium in that table and that's 41:52.810 --> 41:57.570 what is actually visualized by the microscope but it has different physical properties than 41:57.570 --> 42:03.550 the biological tissue and then you have the medium that it's packed in right and that 42:03.550 --> 42:10.550 was the epoxy for electron microscopy it's a paraffin wax for the light microscopy and that has 42:10.550 --> 42:17.730 yet different properties and then he was talking about how when you have various salt solutions 42:17.730 --> 42:24.210 right and we saw all those patterns all those were solutions of chemicals either salts or 42:24.210 --> 42:30.010 amino acids or things like that and they just went through a similar process of changing the 42:30.010 --> 42:35.770 temperature like freezing in different ways right at different rates which is similar to what's done 42:35.770 --> 42:41.350 with a lot of electron microscopy samples then visualized under the electron microscope and you 42:41.350 --> 42:49.030 saw the same kind of patterns that are supposedly seen in cells and they are highly organized patterns 42:49.030 --> 42:54.510 right of unique geometric shapes and we see these but of course there's no biological material 42:54.510 --> 43:02.530 there at all these are just patterns of chemicals so are we confusing those patterns of the chemicals 43:02.530 --> 43:10.090 with actual parts of the cells such as the organelles like the Golgi apparatus the endoplasmic 43:10.090 --> 43:16.830 reticulum and other structures there's also artifacts that can explain nuclear pores which 43:16.830 --> 43:23.130 essentially mean that the membrane is cracked and splits because of the dehydration process and 43:23.130 --> 43:30.010 that also can be simulated in experiments without any other biological materials so we see that these 43:30.010 --> 43:36.910 artifacts add up to debunk quite a lot of aspects of the cell but I do want to talk about one more 43:36.910 --> 43:44.250 topic which is cellular motion and this is a topic that Harold Hillman emphasized and it's 43:44.250 --> 43:49.730 you know noted that there are several types of motion that can be observed in cells especially 43:49.730 --> 43:55.490 in living cells and these include some familiar which is brownie in motion of small particles 43:55.490 --> 44:02.310 diffusion of solutes according to their concentration gradient phagocytosis and pinocytosis and that's 44:02.310 --> 44:08.290 two different ways that the cells can actually engulf things from the surrounding milieu one is 44:08.290 --> 44:13.850 akin to eating and one is akin to drinking we can observe movement of the mitochondria we can 44:13.850 --> 44:19.670 observe the formation and disappearance of vacuoles those are kind of empty compartments 44:19.670 --> 44:26.810 inside the cell cytoplasm and lastly we can observe a nuclear rotation and I'm going to 44:26.810 --> 44:31.530 show you a demonstration of that in a moment but nuclear rotation is very interesting because 44:32.190 --> 44:36.370 if you remember toward the beginning when we were talking about the model of the cell 44:36.370 --> 44:42.890 Hillman made an important point that the endoplasmic reticulum are shown to be attached 44:42.890 --> 44:50.690 both to the nucleus as well as to the cell membrane and they represent essentially like a mesh or a 44:50.690 --> 44:58.670 net or a lattice of tubes that allow communication and transport of different substances as what 44:58.670 --> 45:06.150 we're told now I want you to imagine that this you know lattice network or net or mesh 45:06.890 --> 45:12.610 is anchored right at the the nucleus and at the cell membrane and if that was a case 45:13.070 --> 45:17.890 what would happen to it during the nuclear rotation that we're about to see in this 45:17.890 --> 45:24.790 video go ahead and roll film Alexander now you can see that the outer membrane is stationary 45:25.130 --> 45:30.370 uh where that arrow they showed pinosytosis right that that is the membrane there 45:31.150 --> 45:41.030 but inside the nucleus is rotating freely so you can imagine if it were tethered to the 45:41.030 --> 45:48.730 endoplasmic reticulum it would be a wound around the nucleus tightly over and over again right and 45:48.730 --> 45:52.890 this would of course distort the shape and the mechanical properties and pretty much tells 45:52.890 --> 46:00.670 you that you know certainly one thing that cannot be true is that this structure cannot be anchored 46:00.670 --> 46:07.410 to the nucleus and the cell membrane and not get twisted up all in knots right and then if we 46:07.410 --> 46:14.130 look at the fact that the way salts precipitate and show patterns that most likely the pattern 46:14.130 --> 46:19.970 that we see under the electron microscope that's been attributed as being endoplasmic reticulum 46:19.970 --> 46:26.370 is most likely an artifact of simply precipitated small molecules in that pattern due to the processing 46:27.070 --> 46:35.230 of the tissue for electron microscopy so let me summarize what i have presented today and 46:35.710 --> 46:43.510 what are some takeaway conclusions that we have so i talked about some big problems in biology 46:43.510 --> 46:49.170 and starting with the difference between observation and scientific inquiry and i talked about you 46:49.170 --> 46:56.850 looking at dead versus living tissue and cells we talked about simulation of the in vitro studies 46:56.850 --> 47:03.270 we talked about the accepted model of the cell and some of the discoveries based on electron microscopy 47:03.870 --> 47:10.390 we reviewed a smattering of hillman's unanswered questions and introduced harold hillman's work 47:10.390 --> 47:15.490 in general and then we talked about specific problems in microscopy we focused heavily on 47:15.490 --> 47:21.690 disruption unfortunately we were unable to get to solid geometry and the unit membrane but we did 47:21.690 --> 47:27.890 talk briefly about cellular motion and what that can tell us about some of the structures so i think 47:27.890 --> 47:35.710 we can you know take away that some of the cellular organelles that are in our standard 47:35.710 --> 47:42.950 textbook model are likely to not even exist at all and if they do exist at some level they 47:42.950 --> 47:48.050 certainly are not characterized or have the same function that we are told about and these include 47:48.050 --> 47:56.350 at a minimum the endoplasmic reticulum the golgi apparatus ribosomes lysosomes and nuclear pores 47:56.350 --> 48:02.370 and possibly the cristae in mitochondria as well now we didn't get to talk about it today but 48:02.370 --> 48:08.870 if we looked at the solid geometry we did hint at it about the issue with two lines representing 48:08.870 --> 48:16.110 one line in an electron micrograph that we would see that the unit membrane cannot be a 48:16.110 --> 48:24.630 bilayer or a dual layer as one of the main models put forth in biology as well so this 48:24.630 --> 48:31.470 you know of course lends itself to some things that we can do which really have to do with 48:31.470 --> 48:37.470 kind of questioning everything we hear about health and biology to go back to these fundamental 48:38.270 --> 48:45.590 aspects and realize that the things that we can say for certain about what is in a cell is that 48:45.590 --> 48:52.470 it certainly has a nucleus and a nucleus and a nuclear membrane and some kind of membrane 48:52.470 --> 48:57.770 boundary around the cell although we don't know exactly what the material or nature of it is 48:57.770 --> 49:04.830 and that there are mitochondria and vacuoles that we can visualize and we can certainly observe 49:04.830 --> 49:10.490 all of the types of motion that I've described so if we start with those fundamental true principles 49:10.490 --> 49:16.990 then we will have an accurate understanding of the cell even if you're doing your best to live clean 49:16.990 --> 49:24.310 you're still being exposed from off-gassing furniture and plastics in your food to synthetic 49:24.310 --> 49:32.070 fibers personal care products and even medical imaging procedures especially fat soluble chemicals 49:32.070 --> 49:37.390 these toxins don't respond to your average detox they settle deep in your tissues 49:37.390 --> 49:44.190 and you need the right tools to clear them out that's why I created the ultimate detox protocol 49:44.190 --> 49:52.330 a free 30-day roadmap that teaches you a serious nature-based detox using pine targeted 49:52.330 --> 49:58.590 nutrition and a focused daily plan you'll choose the cleansing diet that fits your needs 49:58.590 --> 50:05.090 support your elimination pathways and take action against the toxin load that's been 50:05.090 --> 50:10.310 holding you back many people who've done this protocol have reported major improvements 50:10.310 --> 50:16.870 in energy focus digestion and even long-standing symptoms they thought they'd have to live with 50:16.870 --> 50:22.490 forever unfortunately I can't share the full scope of results people have experienced 50:22.490 --> 50:29.330 using this protocol not on this platform if I did the video would surely be taken down 50:29.330 --> 50:36.630 but trust me it is incredibly powerful downloaded for free at the link in the show notes 50:36.630 --> 50:43.830 your health is your responsibility and this is the best place to start thanks for listening 50:43.830 --> 50:47.110 and I'll see you in the next true health report