WEBVTT 00:01.360 --> 00:04.940 The spirit of this revolution is not going away. 00:05.080 --> 00:11.140 This is the Ron Paul Liberty Report with Ron Paul, Daniel McAdams, and Chris Rosini. 00:11.580 --> 00:17.440 We're all ambassadors of the Ron Paul Doctrine, and it's a success. Just tell the truth. 00:17.640 --> 00:22.440 An idea whose time has come to not be stopped by any army or any cop. 00:34.150 --> 00:39.750 Hello everybody and thank you for tuning in to the Liberty Report. With us today we have 00:39.750 --> 00:43.670 Chris Rosini, our co-host. Chris, welcome to the program. 00:44.150 --> 00:45.950 Happy Friday Dr. Paul. Great to be with you. 00:46.170 --> 00:50.530 Very good, and we have a simple topic today, and we are smart people at this 00:50.530 --> 00:55.490 program at all this understanding. We have economics because nobody knows 00:55.490 --> 01:02.290 how to pay for this war. And of course we have this perfect answer. Don't have 01:02.290 --> 01:05.370 all these wars and you're going to have to worry about paying for them. 01:05.370 --> 01:09.190 Unfortunately they keep doing it and that's what we'll be talking about. 01:09.610 --> 01:13.190 Of course we always wonder what it's going to do to the marketplaces. 01:13.630 --> 01:17.690 The war is not helping the stock markets, not happening the oil markets, 01:18.130 --> 01:23.890 and because of an interpretation on the interest rates the gold has been going up. 01:24.490 --> 01:31.090 But the one typical characteristic of gold under these conditions is it's going to go up 01:31.090 --> 01:36.670 and it's going to go down. But a long term I and most of the people who watch this program 01:36.670 --> 01:42.610 agree that the conditions that are set by our government gold will be a haven. 01:42.810 --> 01:46.950 It will go up in the same way with silver. And we're not talking about 01:46.950 --> 01:50.630 two years of history. We're talking about thousands of years of history. 01:50.990 --> 01:57.470 So that's the reason we do partner with Birch Gold because we want to take 01:57.470 --> 02:01.330 advantage of this and do our best to understand what's going on. 02:01.490 --> 02:07.270 So if you have an interest in what some of the advice comes from the Birch Gold company 02:07.270 --> 02:13.970 and how you can put gold bullion in your IRA accounts, there's a method to doing that. 02:14.250 --> 02:19.530 On the screen there's a number. Ron, 989898 and they'll send you some material. 02:20.350 --> 02:26.870 And you know there will be a lot of people discouraged but this is pretty typical 02:26.870 --> 02:34.810 of the markets. And there's so many variables like politicians, like the printing press, 02:35.070 --> 02:40.770 like the Federal Reserve, like wars being fought. So there's a lot but if we look at history we 02:40.770 --> 02:49.330 find out that the best monetary protection is the precious metals. So once again if you want 02:49.330 --> 02:57.310 to get some information it doesn't cost is text at Ron, 989898 and they'll send you some material. 02:58.490 --> 03:02.590 And Chris, now we want to deal with some very, very important problems 03:02.590 --> 03:08.070 because the people want to want some answers. And you know in my opening I said the best 03:08.070 --> 03:11.790 thing to do is just don't have all these wars and we wouldn't have this problem. 03:11.790 --> 03:20.030 We would have more funds to be left in the hands of the people letting them decide to do with the 03:20.030 --> 03:26.010 money and avoid piling on debt to the people who are trying to make a living. And right now 03:26.010 --> 03:33.350 it's getting more difficult for the average person to make a good living because the 03:34.050 --> 03:39.050 salaries are going down. You'll say oh no, the wages are going up and the salaries are 03:39.050 --> 03:45.910 going up. Yeah but they're going up but not as fast as the dollar is being depreciated. 03:46.170 --> 03:53.490 The dollar value is going down. Why? Because we're spending like crazy. And one thing that's going on 03:53.490 --> 03:58.790 right now is we're in the middle of a war. Oh this isn't a war. We haven't been in a war since 03:59.410 --> 04:09.130 World War II. We just have these skirmishes like this and we're just straightening things out. 04:09.610 --> 04:16.270 Besides, we can always deal with countries that have oil, whether it's Venezuela, 04:17.850 --> 04:25.370 whether it's Iran or the Middle East, Iraq and the people are reassured. That's what bugs me. 04:25.370 --> 04:30.510 How can they be reassured that they're going to go in, spend all this money? 04:30.770 --> 04:36.230 Many people are going to die. Standardly they're going down and say that oh we'll get the oil. 04:36.670 --> 04:43.170 We'll get the oil and that'll take care of it and pay all our bills. So this is one time, 04:43.890 --> 04:50.470 I'm sure it's happened before, one time that is right in our face that usually if we're on a 04:50.470 --> 04:55.290 verge of a war, involved in war, people get worried because there'll be more spending and the 04:55.290 --> 05:05.670 dollar will be pressured. And yet right now the dollar has held up but it hasn't affected the 05:05.670 --> 05:14.330 gold market as of now. But I'll tell you what, on the long term, this is not an unusual, 05:14.330 --> 05:22.430 it fluctuates and it's our job to try to help figure out exactly what this more means. 05:22.810 --> 05:29.570 And we want to start off with Chris giving us a few words about who's going to pay for all this. 05:30.450 --> 05:34.970 And I believe somebody might say I was cynical, just don't have the wars. 05:35.510 --> 05:39.870 But well, I'll tell you what, I'm serious about that because it would be a solution 05:39.870 --> 05:45.770 to not having the problem. But Chris, we have the problem. So you have the burden of telling us 05:45.770 --> 05:51.330 what you think we ought to do with that. How do we pay for this debt? And are we going to pay for 05:51.330 --> 05:57.830 the debt? Yeah, Dr. Paul, we're talking about the costs of wars, wars, plural, because our country, 05:57.870 --> 06:02.890 you know, is constantly at war. And yeah, we're not living in a golden age, Dr. Paul. I hate 06:02.890 --> 06:08.130 to say it, other than gold hitting $5,000, I don't know if Trump, if that's what he had in mind, 06:08.130 --> 06:14.210 I doubt it. But yeah, we pay attention. And the American people are suffering from debts. 06:14.810 --> 06:22.510 And not just having debts, delinquencies are rising for whether it be for cars or their homes, 06:22.710 --> 06:28.370 whatever it is. And we have conferences every year. We talk to people from all over the country. 06:28.450 --> 06:33.070 I always ask about their electric bills, about their gas bills. It's as bad as mine. 06:33.070 --> 06:39.890 So we're paying, we don't get an invoice in the mail for these wars. This is how we pay. 06:40.350 --> 06:48.550 Everything is going up, you know, constantly, no relief. And we would hope that the president 06:48.550 --> 06:54.190 would get the boot off of our neck. This is not the time for another war. But you know, 06:54.350 --> 07:01.110 that's not the way it went. And now we have the Pentagon wanting $200 billion on top of their 07:01.110 --> 07:09.570 trillion to fight against a country whose military budget is $10 billion. I mean, that's how insane 07:09.570 --> 07:15.630 they are with just taking our money. And we're paying for it. Our standard of living constantly 07:15.630 --> 07:22.790 depreciates. Chris, there's one way that for the most part throughout history, these debts 07:22.790 --> 07:32.430 do get paid. And the definition of being paid has to be used cautiously. Because how they eliminate 07:32.430 --> 07:39.330 the debt and how they correct things to get back to work again and get paid with real money, 07:39.770 --> 07:44.930 what they do is they default. They cheat. They say, I'm not going to pay you. You can declare 07:44.930 --> 07:49.910 bankruptcy. But people will do that in a sophisticated manner, especially governments. 07:49.910 --> 07:59.090 I mean, we have deficit of what, $30, $40 trillion. Now, we're not going to pay for that. Most people 07:59.090 --> 08:06.050 know that. And with this current administration, they don't even really think we should worry 08:06.050 --> 08:14.570 about that too much. So the default is diluting the value of the dollar. If you can double the 08:14.570 --> 08:22.030 the size of the money supply, each unit has to go down a value. So you pay off with the 08:22.030 --> 08:30.350 cheap money. And that's how it's worked before. And how long has it been doing this? Well, a lot 08:30.350 --> 08:38.990 in the last 50 years, but really since they invented and remodeled the monetary system 08:38.990 --> 08:46.690 by giving us the Federal Reserve. And guess what? The dollar then was worth the 120th of an ounce 08:46.690 --> 08:56.770 of gold. And now look at it. So the dollar has been devalued. And the default has been 08:57.290 --> 09:03.510 you lose 98% of the value of the dollar over this period of time. But since the city has 09:03.510 --> 09:11.290 it goes on and on, and people get in condition, not a politician really, except for one or two, 09:11.450 --> 09:20.010 will mention the truth about the robbery going on, because we have institutionalized 09:20.750 --> 09:26.090 counterfeiter. Does that mean Chris, that you and I and our program can just do it and get out 09:26.090 --> 09:33.030 of debt and we won't have to work? No, that's not it. They institutionalize it for the government 09:33.510 --> 09:39.490 to default. But who has to really pay the different? And that means the value goes down 09:39.490 --> 09:46.610 and the cost of living goes up, prices of food go up, and it wrecks the economy eventually. And 09:46.610 --> 09:54.830 very often it brings down the entire country and their country with runaway inflation. So that 09:54.830 --> 10:00.330 will be a cost. But that's the cost that not many people want to hear about. And why would 10:00.330 --> 10:05.130 there, why would it be a bipartisan group? There's people talk that we would shouldn't 10:05.130 --> 10:11.330 pay so much, but they're not some sincere. If there are some of those conservative talks in 10:11.330 --> 10:17.150 there and say we need to quit spending, even Trump said we don't need to start a war, we have to 10:17.150 --> 10:21.710 end the wars. But then when they have a chance to do something, what do they do? They keep adding 10:21.710 --> 10:27.510 to it. And you'd wonder why the people get cynical. Yeah, I wonder why they weren't 10:27.510 --> 10:34.050 a lot more cynical and a lot more eager to understand the monetary system than they have. 10:34.530 --> 10:40.150 But of course, 150 years of conditioning through our educational system has something to do 10:40.150 --> 10:46.030 with this death dedication. But the thing that annoys me the most, the people who campaign 10:46.790 --> 10:54.030 and then preach the gospel of a little bit of frugality with the people's money. 10:54.750 --> 11:01.490 Because when it comes to, oh, the war is going on, I can't vote against the war. I mean, the troops 11:01.490 --> 11:07.730 who are in harm's way. Why don't you use the oil? Oh, the oil is all blown up. We can't even, 11:08.070 --> 11:15.630 prices going up. We can't even ship oil. So I think our goal so often, I think, you know, 11:15.730 --> 11:19.710 with the Liberty report is to get the information out that some of these problems 11:19.710 --> 11:25.750 aren't complicated, but they've been made complicated on purpose. And the solution will come 11:25.750 --> 11:30.750 because the market will eventually, you know, take care of the debt that will default on the whole 11:30.750 --> 11:38.910 thing. So but that is not what I think is the best way to do it. But there's not much chance 11:38.910 --> 11:44.210 that next year or the year after we're going to have majority to Congress that will vote with 11:44.210 --> 11:51.390 common sense and gradually reduce it and start with militarism that we have. It's not going to happen. 11:51.790 --> 11:57.510 So that's why preparing and understanding the crisis that's coming is very, very important. 11:57.950 --> 12:04.690 But one way or another, the bills will be paid. And unfortunately, the people themselves, 12:05.090 --> 12:11.830 from all from all different reasons, they will suffer the consequence of this debt overhang. 12:11.830 --> 12:18.250 Chris. Very good, Dr. Paul. I want to talk about the non financial non economic 12:18.910 --> 12:23.530 aspect of the costs that are paid. And it's far more important in my mind, 12:24.390 --> 12:29.530 because it's and that's when I see pictures and videos of soldiers who have died overseas. 12:30.210 --> 12:34.110 Man, do I hate that, even though I don't know this person never would have known them. 12:34.550 --> 12:38.750 I could have known them. It could have been a neighbor. And now they have died. 12:39.550 --> 12:45.930 And, you know, it's honorable to put your life on the line to defend your nation. I give them 12:46.430 --> 12:52.870 the utmost credit for that. But it's they're not defending the nation. That's the problem. 12:53.210 --> 12:59.590 Our soldiers, they take an oath. They are forced to do things that don't defend us. 12:59.730 --> 13:05.410 And they're not even for us for another nation. You know, that bothers me more than anything. 13:05.410 --> 13:10.450 And that's fraud. That's not why these people have given their lives. You know, the soldier 13:10.450 --> 13:14.650 takes an oath. The politician takes an oath. The politician's the one that breaks it. 13:14.970 --> 13:19.870 He's the one that sends the soldier to die. And our politicians are very open about it. 13:20.050 --> 13:23.350 I mean, our president had a feeling. Hey, I thought Israel would be attacked. 13:23.710 --> 13:29.350 And that's how he goes to war. And we have Lindsey Graham from Israel telling us, 13:29.870 --> 13:33.890 you know, I'm back. I'm here every two weeks, whether I'm needed here or not. 13:34.410 --> 13:40.110 This is a senator from South Carolina who brags about being in Israel every two weeks. 13:40.470 --> 13:44.510 That is breaking your oath. That's the opposite of honorable. That's despicable. 13:45.090 --> 13:50.210 And that not only do the soldiers have to pay with their lives, their families pay for the 13:50.210 --> 13:55.450 rest of their lives, their children, their friends. And that is a cost of war, you know, 13:55.450 --> 13:57.930 that's beyond, you know, the debts and everything else. 13:58.110 --> 14:01.170 That's the ultimate cost. And that really bothers me the most. 14:01.510 --> 14:07.950 You know, I mentioned the fact that we hear promises that, you know, if we can take over 14:07.950 --> 14:14.390 Venezuela and these other countries or the Middle East, the American people won't have to 14:14.390 --> 14:20.530 suffer because we'll just use the oil to pay all the bills. But there's a catch to this 14:20.530 --> 14:31.530 because, you know, the people want to do, they think that's a grand idea. But the people who 14:31.530 --> 14:37.110 don't care about it the most is close to what you, you're just been talking about, Chris. 14:37.710 --> 14:43.630 And that is the profiteering with war. You know, you talk about all the people who suffered. 14:43.630 --> 14:54.350 But this is just additional tragedy that the profiteering, the war machine, the weapons industry, 14:54.790 --> 15:00.890 and that is very dangerous for a lot of reasons because they get the money first, 15:00.950 --> 15:05.350 they spend it, they become the trillions, we have more trillions than ever before. 15:06.190 --> 15:09.190 And the wealth gets, that's a contribution to the wealth, 15:09.190 --> 15:15.730 male distribution, middle class gets poorer and yet they're still gullible enough and brainwashed enough 15:15.730 --> 15:22.630 to go along and vote or get their congressmen to vote for this nonsense. So this is, this is one 15:22.630 --> 15:27.830 thing, but it's designed, you know, it's almost like, you know, right now they were running out 15:27.830 --> 15:33.090 of steam for continuing the war in Ukraine and people recognized, oh, I guess it's not as busy 15:33.090 --> 15:38.250 up there right now. But no, now we have another war going on and now we're looking for more. 15:39.190 --> 15:47.150 It looks like the administration can't wait to just get a pause a little bit, you know, over in Iran 15:47.670 --> 15:54.750 because they, they're anxious to go, we got to get Cuba, we need Cuba, you know, this sort of thing. 15:54.930 --> 16:03.270 And there's people who are hungry for this, whether it's oil or real estate or, or whatever. 16:03.910 --> 16:10.530 But the big profits are made in a weapon industry. So the fact that they list thousands of bombs that 16:10.530 --> 16:16.230 have been dropped, half of them maybe didn't do what it was they were supposed to do. And 16:17.070 --> 16:23.250 yet it doesn't matter. Matter of fact, they'd like, I'm sure they would say, we don't want, 16:23.350 --> 16:27.310 we don't want anybody to have to die from this, but how can we make our point 16:27.310 --> 16:33.790 that we got to ramp up the machine and make more and more weapons? And besides, we have weapons that 16:33.790 --> 16:40.370 have to be tested. That's a, that's a despicable way. And people, politicians have been blunt about 16:40.370 --> 16:46.170 this. We ought to try these weapons out. It was almost like we need something to do. So maybe, 16:46.430 --> 16:52.030 maybe a little war against Ukraine, because we know that they're, they're, they're not 16:52.030 --> 16:58.870 liked in the area and they do have plenty of problems to, to get picked on. But, but that is 16:58.870 --> 17:04.190 something that is, is really adds on to it, whether they steal through the inflation, 17:04.530 --> 17:10.170 or whether they just steal outright and the American people vote for it. And then these, 17:10.330 --> 17:15.330 but you know, there's a condition that goes on in Washington. If you have big 17:16.610 --> 17:23.050 spending and military or a big weapon, they divide it up into pieces. Each state gets a 17:23.050 --> 17:28.310 piece of the action. So that when it comes to voting against it, oh, you're gonna, your states, 17:28.690 --> 17:36.530 they do 10% of this job. And so they use it to bribe and pressure people. And that, that of 17:36.530 --> 17:45.290 course is pretty despicable. And just part of the psychology and morality that develops and 17:45.290 --> 17:51.610 actually gets worse when we're at war. And the people don't quite understand why we're there. 17:51.790 --> 17:57.910 And they buy into this, this is a holy war. And it's very important that we protect our troops. 17:58.450 --> 18:04.510 Chris. Very good. Dr. Paul, finish up by saying, yeah, the government doesn't realize it, 18:04.510 --> 18:08.870 but their actions end up destroying themselves. You know, they take us down with them. 18:09.750 --> 18:14.770 Empires always end with no exceptions, you know, and America has proven that it's not going to be 18:14.770 --> 18:21.530 an exception. It's just still running on fumes. And it's usually when, you know, they believe 18:21.530 --> 18:28.150 themselves to be Godlike, most powerful. And you know, we're anybody that pays attention to 18:28.150 --> 18:34.450 their president and we do, it's our job. When you read his truth social, I mean, it's, it's bad. 18:34.670 --> 18:39.910 I hope they save all those posts for future generations, because it's so contradictory from 18:39.910 --> 18:45.930 one post to the next, you can't follow anything. It's as if he believes that he's making reality 18:45.930 --> 18:51.710 by the words that come out of his mouth. So this is out of our control, us, you who are 18:51.710 --> 18:57.130 listening and watching, watching. So what, how do, what do we do here? I mean, the best 18:57.130 --> 19:03.030 advice I guess is to take care of your circumstance that you've been given the best that you can. 19:03.230 --> 19:08.750 That's what I have to do. And don't be like the government, be exactly the opposite of them. 19:08.830 --> 19:15.430 Don't be a busy body that seeks to remake others by coercion and force, because that's what they are. 19:15.730 --> 19:20.990 They're the world's busy body that just wants to bully everybody. And don't be like that in 19:20.990 --> 19:26.350 your own circumstances in the world will be a better place even on a local scale and speak 19:26.350 --> 19:32.010 out against what is wrong, you know, and there's plenty of it, you know, where our careers are 19:32.010 --> 19:37.190 based on it, you know, that's where the battle is in ideas, because ideas are the beginning of 19:37.190 --> 19:44.010 everything. Every action starts with an idea. So the more the good ideas are championed, 19:44.010 --> 19:49.470 the better off we'll be. Very good. You know, the trouble was being interviewed the other 19:49.470 --> 19:56.890 day and he made a statement which annoyed me a bit, but that's not new. And the reporter asked him 19:56.890 --> 20:02.370 as they were walking by and and Trump was being himself, the reporter says, 20:02.450 --> 20:08.830 are you afraid if you put boots on the ground in Iran, it could lead to another Vietnam? 20:09.490 --> 20:17.490 One reporter asked, and Trump was, no, Trump shot back. I am not afraid of anything. 20:18.270 --> 20:29.190 So that's the attitude you have. So I just think that the society that we live in today 20:29.190 --> 20:37.050 should be aware of the fact that, you know, you should realize that people should lie 20:37.050 --> 20:42.570 because the government really doesn't like competition, you know, and lie and cheat and, 20:42.750 --> 20:49.970 you know, I think it's a battle between truth and that of nihilism, because people come around 20:49.970 --> 20:56.790 to it with an attitude that they can take something that is as destructive as a war that 20:56.790 --> 21:02.570 doesn't have purpose. And it's brought about in an illegally immoral, unconstitutional 21:04.050 --> 21:12.650 fashion that they continue to do it. So they have to be in denial. And this is one reason why 21:12.650 --> 21:19.430 people lose confidence in the government, which I see is a good thing. The people should be 21:19.430 --> 21:23.810 questioning the government. Look how they had to question the government when they were telling us 21:23.810 --> 21:34.130 how to handle the COVID crisis. And tragically, it's probably not hard for a lot of people in 21:34.130 --> 21:39.730 this country to realize that that was tragic. A lot of people died from that. So this is 21:40.290 --> 21:47.310 something that we should have a lot more confidence in. And the lies shouldn't be told. 21:47.310 --> 21:58.270 And lying pushes these people into the corner because their main purpose is to maintain the empire, 21:58.710 --> 22:04.170 empire and have the power. And the people up there, that one, two, or five percent, 22:04.350 --> 22:12.750 whoever they are, it is probably some decent people in that category that will help in an 22:12.750 --> 22:21.430 honest way. But basically, the people, even they don't see any need for guilt, what they see 22:21.430 --> 22:28.310 is a necessity in aid themselves. It must be easier if you're making billions of dollars. 22:28.610 --> 22:35.130 It might be a little bit easier than harder to adapt to these things. But I just think that 22:36.110 --> 22:43.750 this whole atmosphere that we have, and you can read it, so many things and so many stories on 22:43.750 --> 22:50.970 the paper, who's telling the truth? And it's very difficult. And why I say it might be a benefit 22:51.890 --> 22:59.570 for people becoming skeptical is because you and I, we can't lie, cheat, steal, or kill. 23:00.190 --> 23:08.330 That's a pretty good rule comes from natural law. But when did we decide that if we're not 23:08.330 --> 23:14.990 allowed to do it, as long as we elect people to go and represent us and give us good government 23:14.990 --> 23:21.590 and stuff that we want, then that's okay. They can lie, cheat, steal, and kill, too. 23:22.250 --> 23:27.470 And we see that in the papers all the time about killing. And it's always the opposition 23:27.470 --> 23:34.290 that does the killing. And yet, when I think we blame other people, I think, and I've written about 23:34.290 --> 23:40.710 this because it bothered me so much about the 1960s, when you find out that when the Kennedy 23:40.710 --> 23:46.290 brothers disagreed with the foreign policy, they were assassinated. Martin Luther King was 23:46.290 --> 23:52.830 assassinated. And then, yes, these other countries are terrible. They killed their people, too, 23:52.830 --> 24:03.950 if they disagree. So it's a common practice. But it's one thing that we have to change. People 24:03.950 --> 24:09.410 have to realize that the government shouldn't be able to get away with it. There are attempts made 24:09.410 --> 24:15.730 to try to hold the people in government to the feet to the fire. But it is very difficult 24:15.730 --> 24:22.470 because they're always made to be exceptional. And that's why libertarianism and limited 24:22.470 --> 24:28.130 government and freedom of choice, real choice and volunteerism is so attractive. Because, 24:28.310 --> 24:35.090 historically, I think the evidence is there on my side of the argument that governments don't 24:35.090 --> 24:43.410 do well. They seem to almost always abuse their power. So that is the opposite of liberty. 24:43.410 --> 24:52.510 And America, at one time, were great champions of liberty. And yet now we have filtered away on, 24:52.770 --> 24:58.850 and there's little concern about talking about the Constitution before we go into another war. 24:59.190 --> 25:04.230 As one just winds down, it looks like they're getting ready for the next. And that can change. 25:04.490 --> 25:09.550 And it can only change with more people understanding what's going on. I believe it's 25:09.550 --> 25:15.490 an educational issue. And I believe that our side of this argument, the people that agree with this 25:15.490 --> 25:20.370 are growing in numbers. And I think that's wonderful because you have to have the people 25:20.370 --> 25:25.270 on your side. Just think of what happened when the people got on the side of common sense 25:25.270 --> 25:31.470 with COVID. Things change rather quickly. And that could happen elsewhere because people 25:32.010 --> 25:37.370 can change their minds. And I think that most people would say, would you rather live in 25:37.370 --> 25:45.670 peace and prosperity and have none of this nonsense? We have some of these wars and all. 25:45.970 --> 25:51.690 And don't listen to the garbage that you hear about justifying. Send your kids over. And you 25:51.690 --> 26:00.270 know, there'll be some type of a military hero. Anyway, the problems are great, but the answers 26:00.270 --> 26:06.730 are there. And I am delighted to visit frequently with our viewers. And I want to thank our 26:06.730 --> 26:10.150 viewers for tuning in today. And please return soon.